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Determinants of technical efficiency among dairy farms in Chitwan, Nepal / S. C. Dhakal in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 5 (2022)
[article]
Title : Determinants of technical efficiency among dairy farms in Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. C. Dhakal, Author Publication Date: 2022 Article on page: 149-156 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Cow farms, buffalo farms, mix farms, stochastic production frontier, tobit regression Abstract: Nepalese dairy sector has been showing structural changes with adoption of latest technologies like improved
breeds, feeds, cultivated fodder and additives. In the context of these changes, this research was conducted to
assess the technical efficiency and its determinants among dairy farms. The study was accomplished with primary
data collected through face-to-face interview using semi-structured interview schedule from a sample of 240
dairy farms selected randomly using simple random sampling technique from 8 wards of Bharatpur Metropolitan
City, Chitwan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, stochastic production frontier and tobit regression
model. Technical efficiency was found to be the highest in mix dairy farms (3.530) followed by cow farms (2.56)
and buffalo farms (2.138). Labour was the most contributing factor in all three types of dairy farms. This study
had shown that average annual income per farm should be Rs. 542000, Rs. 403225 and Rs. 611400 for getting
90% technical efficiency in milk production at buffalo, cow and mix farms, respectively. Similarly, 57% buffalo
farms were operating at efficiency of 30-60%, 46% cow farms were operating at efficiency of 30%, and 67.5%
mix farms were operating at efficiency of 30 to 60%. Total investment in dairy farming, training and adopting
dairy as primary occupation were positively and significantly affecting technical efficiency on buffalo, cow and
mix type of dairy farming system. There is still large scope to increase the annual milk production in the dairy
farms of Chitwan through efficient use of available resources with the existing technologies. This is concluded
that dairy farming system can be promoted efficiently by increasing total investment in dairy farming through
easy access to loan, training on dairy animal production and management, ensuring dairy business as profitable
primary occupation, promotion of fodder and pasture production, and securing easy access to medicines and
additives.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Determinants_of_technical_efficiency_amon [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 5 (2022) . - 149-156 p.[article] Determinants of technical efficiency among dairy farms in Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / S. C. Dhakal, Author . - 2022 . - 149-156 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 5 (2022) . - 149-156 p.
Keywords: Cow farms, buffalo farms, mix farms, stochastic production frontier, tobit regression Abstract: Nepalese dairy sector has been showing structural changes with adoption of latest technologies like improved
breeds, feeds, cultivated fodder and additives. In the context of these changes, this research was conducted to
assess the technical efficiency and its determinants among dairy farms. The study was accomplished with primary
data collected through face-to-face interview using semi-structured interview schedule from a sample of 240
dairy farms selected randomly using simple random sampling technique from 8 wards of Bharatpur Metropolitan
City, Chitwan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, stochastic production frontier and tobit regression
model. Technical efficiency was found to be the highest in mix dairy farms (3.530) followed by cow farms (2.56)
and buffalo farms (2.138). Labour was the most contributing factor in all three types of dairy farms. This study
had shown that average annual income per farm should be Rs. 542000, Rs. 403225 and Rs. 611400 for getting
90% technical efficiency in milk production at buffalo, cow and mix farms, respectively. Similarly, 57% buffalo
farms were operating at efficiency of 30-60%, 46% cow farms were operating at efficiency of 30%, and 67.5%
mix farms were operating at efficiency of 30 to 60%. Total investment in dairy farming, training and adopting
dairy as primary occupation were positively and significantly affecting technical efficiency on buffalo, cow and
mix type of dairy farming system. There is still large scope to increase the annual milk production in the dairy
farms of Chitwan through efficient use of available resources with the existing technologies. This is concluded
that dairy farming system can be promoted efficiently by increasing total investment in dairy farming through
easy access to loan, training on dairy animal production and management, ensuring dairy business as profitable
primary occupation, promotion of fodder and pasture production, and securing easy access to medicines and
additives.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Determinants_of_technical_efficiency_amon [...] Economic valuation of pollination service in Chitwan, Nepal / S. C. Dhakal in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 2 (2018)
[article]
Title : Economic valuation of pollination service in Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. C. Dhakal, Author Publication Date: 2018 Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Bioeconomic approach, consumers' surplus, pollinators' decline, vulnerability Abstract: Pollination is a regulatory and production form of ecosystem service. In the global scenario of
declining pollinators, the study on potential consequential economic loss and ways to conserve them
are essential. In this context, this study was conducted to estimate the economic value of pollination and
vulnerability of agriculture to pollinator decline in Chitwan district of Nepal. Bioeconomic approach,
which integrated the production dependence ratio on pollinators with total economic value, for the food
crops grown in the district was used to assess the economic value of pollination. The total economic
value of pollination in the study district accounted to about NRs. 999 millions which represented
11% of the total value of the agricultural production used for human food in 2014 in Chitwan district.
In terms of welfare, the consumer surplus losses were estimated as NRs. 1,893 millions and NRs.
3,102 millions for assumed price elasticities of − 1.2 and − 0.8, respectively. Vegetables (48.8%)
were the leading crop category in value of insect pollination and vulnerability, followed by edible
oil crops (24.9%), fruit (9.4%) and pulses (1.8%). Hence, it is recommended that farmers, policy
makers, researchers and other stakeholders are to be mindful of such great value of pollination and its
vulnerability to protect pollinators and sustain the environment along with promotion of the peoples’
livelihoods.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Economic_valuation_of_pollination_service [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 2 (2018)[article] Economic valuation of pollination service in Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / S. C. Dhakal, Author . - 2018.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 2 (2018)
Keywords: Bioeconomic approach, consumers' surplus, pollinators' decline, vulnerability Abstract: Pollination is a regulatory and production form of ecosystem service. In the global scenario of
declining pollinators, the study on potential consequential economic loss and ways to conserve them
are essential. In this context, this study was conducted to estimate the economic value of pollination and
vulnerability of agriculture to pollinator decline in Chitwan district of Nepal. Bioeconomic approach,
which integrated the production dependence ratio on pollinators with total economic value, for the food
crops grown in the district was used to assess the economic value of pollination. The total economic
value of pollination in the study district accounted to about NRs. 999 millions which represented
11% of the total value of the agricultural production used for human food in 2014 in Chitwan district.
In terms of welfare, the consumer surplus losses were estimated as NRs. 1,893 millions and NRs.
3,102 millions for assumed price elasticities of − 1.2 and − 0.8, respectively. Vegetables (48.8%)
were the leading crop category in value of insect pollination and vulnerability, followed by edible
oil crops (24.9%), fruit (9.4%) and pulses (1.8%). Hence, it is recommended that farmers, policy
makers, researchers and other stakeholders are to be mindful of such great value of pollination and its
vulnerability to protect pollinators and sustain the environment along with promotion of the peoples’
livelihoods.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Economic_valuation_of_pollination_service [...] Effectiveness of crop and livestock protection methods against wildlife damage: A case from Chitwan National Park, Nepal / S. Ghimire in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 5 (2022)
[article]
Title : Effectiveness of crop and livestock protection methods against wildlife damage: A case from Chitwan National Park, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Ghimire, Author ; D. Devkota, Author ; S. C. Dhakal, Author ; Bishnu Raj Upreti, Author Publication Date: 2022 Article on page: 165-175 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Human-wildlife conflict, wildlife damage management, Chitwan national park Abstract: Human-wildlife conflict is a major issue for policymakers and conservationists due to economic loss to the
communities living in the close territory of the park, affecting their livelihoods and wellbeing. This study aims at
identifying and quantifying wildlife-induced damages on crops and livestock and methods used by communities
for crop and livestock protection. A total of 434 households living in the vicinity of the park from the ten forest
user groups around the Chitwan national parks and buffer zone were randomly sampled and interviewed with
the use of semi-structured questionnaires in the year 2021. Findings revealed a total of 87.86% of rice-growing
households reported the damage of rice whereas 90.32% and 87.68% of households reported the damage to
wheat and maize, respectively. The annual loss of 78 kg of rice per household (NRs. 1776 at prevailing market
rates) was reported along with the loss of wheat (86 Kg-worth of NRs. 2,523) and maize (96 Kg-worth of NRs.
2,019) per household. About 59% of households had lost at least a livestock species and poultry in last year,
and that varied well across the sectors. Twelve different methods and techniques were identified by communities
that were used regularly to prevent crop damage and livestock loss with the majority of people using certain
methods and techniques against crop damage and livestock loss. A total of 425 (97.93%) were reported that they
used at least one method and technique to prevent crop damage and livestock loss. Among all these methods,
crop guarding, shouting, use of natural fences, guarding by dogs, and throwing stones were the most effective
and safest practices/techniques, but the use of a single means and approach was found ineffective. This suggests
the need for developing site-specific management techniques to minimize crop damage and livestock loss in the
National Park vicinity and adjoining protected areas. Apart from the different mitigating means, construction, and
maintaining permanent fences on the border of the national parks, there should be the provision of conservation
education to communities bordering protected areas to practice sustainable agriculture and income-generating
programs that are conservation-friendly. that may include, for example, provision of conservation educations
along with income-generating programs that are conservation-friendlyLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effectiveness_of_crop_and_livestock_prote [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 5 (2022) . - 165-175 p.[article] Effectiveness of crop and livestock protection methods against wildlife damage: A case from Chitwan National Park, Nepal [printed text] / S. Ghimire, Author ; D. Devkota, Author ; S. C. Dhakal, Author ; Bishnu Raj Upreti, Author . - 2022 . - 165-175 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 5 (2022) . - 165-175 p.
Keywords: Human-wildlife conflict, wildlife damage management, Chitwan national park Abstract: Human-wildlife conflict is a major issue for policymakers and conservationists due to economic loss to the
communities living in the close territory of the park, affecting their livelihoods and wellbeing. This study aims at
identifying and quantifying wildlife-induced damages on crops and livestock and methods used by communities
for crop and livestock protection. A total of 434 households living in the vicinity of the park from the ten forest
user groups around the Chitwan national parks and buffer zone were randomly sampled and interviewed with
the use of semi-structured questionnaires in the year 2021. Findings revealed a total of 87.86% of rice-growing
households reported the damage of rice whereas 90.32% and 87.68% of households reported the damage to
wheat and maize, respectively. The annual loss of 78 kg of rice per household (NRs. 1776 at prevailing market
rates) was reported along with the loss of wheat (86 Kg-worth of NRs. 2,523) and maize (96 Kg-worth of NRs.
2,019) per household. About 59% of households had lost at least a livestock species and poultry in last year,
and that varied well across the sectors. Twelve different methods and techniques were identified by communities
that were used regularly to prevent crop damage and livestock loss with the majority of people using certain
methods and techniques against crop damage and livestock loss. A total of 425 (97.93%) were reported that they
used at least one method and technique to prevent crop damage and livestock loss. Among all these methods,
crop guarding, shouting, use of natural fences, guarding by dogs, and throwing stones were the most effective
and safest practices/techniques, but the use of a single means and approach was found ineffective. This suggests
the need for developing site-specific management techniques to minimize crop damage and livestock loss in the
National Park vicinity and adjoining protected areas. Apart from the different mitigating means, construction, and
maintaining permanent fences on the border of the national parks, there should be the provision of conservation
education to communities bordering protected areas to practice sustainable agriculture and income-generating
programs that are conservation-friendly. that may include, for example, provision of conservation educations
along with income-generating programs that are conservation-friendlyLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effectiveness_of_crop_and_livestock_prote [...] Factors affecting adoption of major adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers in central Nepal / A.P. Subedi in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 5 (2022)
[article]
Title : Factors affecting adoption of major adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers in central Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: A.P. Subedi, Author ; Dharma R. Dangol, Author ; S. C. Dhakal, Author ; U. Tiwari, Author Publication Date: 2022 Article on page: 239-246 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Climate change, mulching, logit, organic manure Abstract: Climate change is one of the critical challenges in the field of agriculture and drought is one among the important
effects of global climate change affecting summer vegetables in central Nepal. A research was conducted in central
Nepal to seek out factors affecting adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers. A
semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 300 households adjoining Trishuli Narayani
River corridor equally divided among three districts namely Chitwan, Dhading and Nuwakot. Data obtained
were analyzed using descriptive statistic and logit model. Irrigation canal, choosing appropriate crop varieties,
mulching, adjusting planting time and using organic manure were identified important adaptation strategies for
drought within the study areas. Distance of vegetable farm from river, knowledge of climate change with the
respondents, training provided to farmers on vegetable farming, access to cooperative was seen significantly
affecting farmers to settle on those adaptation strategies against drought. Adopting different practices against
drought found to be correlated with topography or agro climatic regions as well. Nuwakot and Dhading with
high altitude got less chance of using organic manure and mulching practice in comparison with Chitwan but its
opposite with other adaptation practices like adjusting planting times, changing crop varieties and using irrigation
canal. Policy makers and extension workers should focus more on knowledge input based on topography or
agroclimatic regions as well about climate change adaptation practices among the farmers, hence providing more
trainings on vegetable farming, increasing the access to cooperatives and other organizations could ultimately
help to strengthen vegetable growers to adopt those adaptation practicesLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Factors_affecting_adoption_of_major_adapt [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 5 (2022) . - 239-246 p.[article] Factors affecting adoption of major adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers in central Nepal [printed text] / A.P. Subedi, Author ; Dharma R. Dangol, Author ; S. C. Dhakal, Author ; U. Tiwari, Author . - 2022 . - 239-246 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 5 (2022) . - 239-246 p.
Keywords: Climate change, mulching, logit, organic manure Abstract: Climate change is one of the critical challenges in the field of agriculture and drought is one among the important
effects of global climate change affecting summer vegetables in central Nepal. A research was conducted in central
Nepal to seek out factors affecting adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers. A
semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 300 households adjoining Trishuli Narayani
River corridor equally divided among three districts namely Chitwan, Dhading and Nuwakot. Data obtained
were analyzed using descriptive statistic and logit model. Irrigation canal, choosing appropriate crop varieties,
mulching, adjusting planting time and using organic manure were identified important adaptation strategies for
drought within the study areas. Distance of vegetable farm from river, knowledge of climate change with the
respondents, training provided to farmers on vegetable farming, access to cooperative was seen significantly
affecting farmers to settle on those adaptation strategies against drought. Adopting different practices against
drought found to be correlated with topography or agro climatic regions as well. Nuwakot and Dhading with
high altitude got less chance of using organic manure and mulching practice in comparison with Chitwan but its
opposite with other adaptation practices like adjusting planting times, changing crop varieties and using irrigation
canal. Policy makers and extension workers should focus more on knowledge input based on topography or
agroclimatic regions as well about climate change adaptation practices among the farmers, hence providing more
trainings on vegetable farming, increasing the access to cooperatives and other organizations could ultimately
help to strengthen vegetable growers to adopt those adaptation practicesLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Factors_affecting_adoption_of_major_adapt [...] Productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan, Nepal / S. C. Dhakal in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 4 (2020)
[article]
Title : Productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. C. Dhakal, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 53-60 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Profitability, allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, benefit cost ratio Abstract: Kitchen gardening in general and organic vegetable production in particular are gaining popularity, and have been becoming
indispensable component of Nepalese farming system. This concept could be promoted in order to reduce market dependency
for vegetables; increase access to pesticide free products for home consumption, and for minimizing malnutrition and poverty.
This research was done to estimate the cost, return, profitability and productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in
kitchen gardens of Chitwan using primary data, obtained from 123 randomly selected households. Samples were selected
using simple random sampling techniques, and data were analyzed using Stata-12 for estimating descriptive statistics, CobbDouglas production function, allocative efficiency and frontier production function. Average size of holding for organic
vegetable production was 0.65 kattha with gross margin of NRs. 9,312 per kattha and benefit cost ratio 2.19. Human labor,
seed and organic manure significantly and positively contributed to the productivity of organic kitchen gardening, resulting
return to scale value at 0.57. Majority of inputs, such as seed, organic manure, and irrigation were underutilized, and human
labor was over utilized. Labour has been utilizing at technically efficient level in spite of its overutilization in allocative
efficient measure. Almost all kitchen garden firms were operating at 90% efficiency and they require about NRs. 17,116
annual income per kattha for achieving this efficiency level. Organic vegetable production in kitchen garden system is
profitable and there is scope to increase the expenditure on better seeds, organic manures, and irrigation for achieving the
maximum productive efficiency by about 69, 61, and 496%, respectively. Policy support for promoting the distribution and
adoption of vegetable seeds of improved varieties, composting, green manuring and increased use of irrigation seems fruitful
to increase the productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan district, Nepal.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Productive%20efficiency%20of%20organic%20 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 53-60 p.[article] Productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / S. C. Dhakal, Author . - 2020 . - 53-60 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 53-60 p.
Keywords: Profitability, allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, benefit cost ratio Abstract: Kitchen gardening in general and organic vegetable production in particular are gaining popularity, and have been becoming
indispensable component of Nepalese farming system. This concept could be promoted in order to reduce market dependency
for vegetables; increase access to pesticide free products for home consumption, and for minimizing malnutrition and poverty.
This research was done to estimate the cost, return, profitability and productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in
kitchen gardens of Chitwan using primary data, obtained from 123 randomly selected households. Samples were selected
using simple random sampling techniques, and data were analyzed using Stata-12 for estimating descriptive statistics, CobbDouglas production function, allocative efficiency and frontier production function. Average size of holding for organic
vegetable production was 0.65 kattha with gross margin of NRs. 9,312 per kattha and benefit cost ratio 2.19. Human labor,
seed and organic manure significantly and positively contributed to the productivity of organic kitchen gardening, resulting
return to scale value at 0.57. Majority of inputs, such as seed, organic manure, and irrigation were underutilized, and human
labor was over utilized. Labour has been utilizing at technically efficient level in spite of its overutilization in allocative
efficient measure. Almost all kitchen garden firms were operating at 90% efficiency and they require about NRs. 17,116
annual income per kattha for achieving this efficiency level. Organic vegetable production in kitchen garden system is
profitable and there is scope to increase the expenditure on better seeds, organic manures, and irrigation for achieving the
maximum productive efficiency by about 69, 61, and 496%, respectively. Policy support for promoting the distribution and
adoption of vegetable seeds of improved varieties, composting, green manuring and increased use of irrigation seems fruitful
to increase the productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan district, Nepal.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Productive%20efficiency%20of%20organic%20 [...] Value chain analysis of cucumber in Arghakhanchi, Nepal / R. Khanal in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 4 (2020)Permalink