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Add the result to your basketConcept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal / B. K. Joshi in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 4 (2020)
Title : Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: B. K. Joshi, Author ; D. K. Ayer, Author ; D. Gauchan, Author ; D. Jarvis, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 1-11 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Adaptability, composite variety, diverse genotypes, evolutionary population, mixture Abstract: Nepal has released and registered a total of 623 genetically uniform (mono genotyped) varieties. These varieties were
developed by both conventional and classical plant breeding, biotech-assisted plant breeding, and participatory plant
breeding methods. However, these varieties have been shown to vary in their yield performance over the years and locations.
Smallholder farmers dominate agriculture with 53% of the land-owning households with their land holding size of less than
0.5 ha in Nepal. Farmers are increasingly losing their own saved seeds. There have been impacts of weather variability, often
modern crop varieties are not available to suit with these changing conditions. Farmers are looking for crop varieties that can
better adapt to these changing conditions, and seeds of which can be saved for the next season planting. Evolutionary Plant
Breeding (EPB), which creates and maintains a high degree of genetic diversity (i.e. polymorphic population), is a choice for
breeders and farmers for accelerating the development of climate resilient and sustainably high-performance crop varieties.
In 2015, the National Gene Bank in Nepal started an EPB program for the local rice variety, Jumli Marshi with the objective
of enhancing genetic conservation through creating a dynamic gene pool. An evolutionary population can be compared
to a living gene bank, not only in line with bringing greater yield stability, but also greater diversity in aroma, nutritional
value and quality. Evolutionary populations have the potential to produce higher yields and perform better than their local
or improved counterparts in adverse, or stress conditions. Under stress conditions, evolutionary populations have also been
shown to be more resistant to weeds, diseases and pests damage than homogenous crop populations. Based on the source of
diversity used in EPB, two different types of populations- Composite Cross population, and Composite Mixtures, population
are developed. With the exception of Europe, and only for some crops, existing seed policies do not favor such populations.
Therefore, there is a need to revise seed regulations in order to allow the cultivation of a higher degree of genetic diversity.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Concept%20and%20rationale%20of%20evolutio [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 1-11 p.[article] Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal [printed text] / B. K. Joshi, Author ; D. K. Ayer, Author ; D. Gauchan, Author ; D. Jarvis, Author . - 2020 . - 1-11 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 1-11 p.
Keywords: Adaptability, composite variety, diverse genotypes, evolutionary population, mixture Abstract: Nepal has released and registered a total of 623 genetically uniform (mono genotyped) varieties. These varieties were
developed by both conventional and classical plant breeding, biotech-assisted plant breeding, and participatory plant
breeding methods. However, these varieties have been shown to vary in their yield performance over the years and locations.
Smallholder farmers dominate agriculture with 53% of the land-owning households with their land holding size of less than
0.5 ha in Nepal. Farmers are increasingly losing their own saved seeds. There have been impacts of weather variability, often
modern crop varieties are not available to suit with these changing conditions. Farmers are looking for crop varieties that can
better adapt to these changing conditions, and seeds of which can be saved for the next season planting. Evolutionary Plant
Breeding (EPB), which creates and maintains a high degree of genetic diversity (i.e. polymorphic population), is a choice for
breeders and farmers for accelerating the development of climate resilient and sustainably high-performance crop varieties.
In 2015, the National Gene Bank in Nepal started an EPB program for the local rice variety, Jumli Marshi with the objective
of enhancing genetic conservation through creating a dynamic gene pool. An evolutionary population can be compared
to a living gene bank, not only in line with bringing greater yield stability, but also greater diversity in aroma, nutritional
value and quality. Evolutionary populations have the potential to produce higher yields and perform better than their local
or improved counterparts in adverse, or stress conditions. Under stress conditions, evolutionary populations have also been
shown to be more resistant to weeds, diseases and pests damage than homogenous crop populations. Based on the source of
diversity used in EPB, two different types of populations- Composite Cross population, and Composite Mixtures, population
are developed. With the exception of Europe, and only for some crops, existing seed policies do not favor such populations.
Therefore, there is a need to revise seed regulations in order to allow the cultivation of a higher degree of genetic diversity.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Concept%20and%20rationale%20of%20evolutio [...]
Title : Food availability and consumption in relation to developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Pokhrel, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 13-28 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Commodities, nutrition, sufficiency, balance, import Abstract: Nepal is classified as severe localized food insecure country with increasing import dependency ratio in each year. Relevant
literatures and available data were reviewed in 2018 to find the trend of food availability and consumption in relation to
developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal. The per capita calories uptake is higher (2830 versus
2220 kcal) with higher in rural communities and to the richer families (4000 kcal/person/day). Whereas the protein and
edible oil and fat uptake is increasing, but are yet insufficient. The diet is mostly dominated by cereals and the consumption
of pulses, fruit, vegetables and animal products were comparatively lower. There is double burden of women under-nutrition
(18.2%) and over-nutrition (13.5%). At present, Nepal is self sufficient only on tea, coffee, and poultry eggs. Where the import
dependency ratio of fruit (88.1%), oils (83.5%) and pulses (73.4%) were very high and are in increasing trend. However, the
self sufficiency ratios of cereals (97.4%), vegetables (65.9%), potato (88.8%), milk (79%), sugar (62.6%) and meat (61%)
are still higher. Raising the productivity of cereals by 0.06 t/ha, vegetables 3.49 t/ha, potato/tubers 1.59 t/ha, spices 0.58 t/
ha, milk 0.30 t/head and a considerable increment of meat productivity could make the country self sufficient. Moreover, it is
very hard to be self sufficient on fruit, oilseed, and fish because of their small area coverage/herd sizes, low productivity and
long gestation period required. It is needed to prioritize the commodities for the allocation of production areas/heard sizes,
linking all the development/infrastructure programs and output based investment for improved food production, marketing
and consumption to restore national food sufficiency for livelihood support and economic resilience.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Food%20availability%20and%20consumption%2 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 13-28 p.[article] Food availability and consumption in relation to developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal [printed text] / S. Pokhrel, Author . - 2020 . - 13-28 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 13-28 p.
Keywords: Commodities, nutrition, sufficiency, balance, import Abstract: Nepal is classified as severe localized food insecure country with increasing import dependency ratio in each year. Relevant
literatures and available data were reviewed in 2018 to find the trend of food availability and consumption in relation to
developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal. The per capita calories uptake is higher (2830 versus
2220 kcal) with higher in rural communities and to the richer families (4000 kcal/person/day). Whereas the protein and
edible oil and fat uptake is increasing, but are yet insufficient. The diet is mostly dominated by cereals and the consumption
of pulses, fruit, vegetables and animal products were comparatively lower. There is double burden of women under-nutrition
(18.2%) and over-nutrition (13.5%). At present, Nepal is self sufficient only on tea, coffee, and poultry eggs. Where the import
dependency ratio of fruit (88.1%), oils (83.5%) and pulses (73.4%) were very high and are in increasing trend. However, the
self sufficiency ratios of cereals (97.4%), vegetables (65.9%), potato (88.8%), milk (79%), sugar (62.6%) and meat (61%)
are still higher. Raising the productivity of cereals by 0.06 t/ha, vegetables 3.49 t/ha, potato/tubers 1.59 t/ha, spices 0.58 t/
ha, milk 0.30 t/head and a considerable increment of meat productivity could make the country self sufficient. Moreover, it is
very hard to be self sufficient on fruit, oilseed, and fish because of their small area coverage/herd sizes, low productivity and
long gestation period required. It is needed to prioritize the commodities for the allocation of production areas/heard sizes,
linking all the development/infrastructure programs and output based investment for improved food production, marketing
and consumption to restore national food sufficiency for livelihood support and economic resilience.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Food%20availability%20and%20consumption%2 [...]
Title : Value chain analysis of large cardamom in eastern Himalayan road corridor of Nepal: Trade and governance Material Type: printed text Authors: R.R. Kattel, Author ; M. D. Sharma, Author ; P. P. Regmi, Author ; Thapa, Y.B, Author Publication Date: 2020 Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Competitiveness, market, trade, commercial farmers Abstract: Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is exportable high value sub-sector of Nepal producing to sell in targeted
international markets. This research was done to examine value chain analysis of large cardamom from governance and trade
aspects, focusing on value chain map, export scenario, and technology upgrading in eastern Himalayan road corridor (EHRC)
of Nepal. Farm level information was collected from Taplejung, Jhapa and Morang districts using set of questionnaire
(n=300). Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview and Rapid Market Appraisal were done with enablers and
traders. About 32% samples household were commercial farmers having one or more than one hectare cardamom cultivation
land. About 27% households used improved dryer for curing and drying whereas majority used (72%) traditional dryer. The
cost of production of one kg cardamom was estimated NRs. 656, and farmers received NRs. 344 profit margin from one
kg of large cardamom sold at farm. Due to global price fluctuation, price of large cardamom has been declined drastically,
although farmers are still in profit with B/C ratio of more than 1.4. The findings revealed that value chain development of
large cardamom is not well structural at function, actors and enablers level whereas village/district level collectors, regional
and national traders with their association and exporters were performing better marketing instead of governance of small
scale producers. About 90% large cardamom was exported to India.. Nepalese traders have a poor capacity and governance
to export product in other counties than India due to high entry barrier to global market. There is a potential of forming global
value chain development alliance, focusing to financing and upgrading strategy that would be pivotal for large cardamom
intervention strategy in improving value chain functionLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Value%20chain%20analysis%20of%20large%20c [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020)[article] Value chain analysis of large cardamom in eastern Himalayan road corridor of Nepal: Trade and governance [printed text] / R.R. Kattel, Author ; M. D. Sharma, Author ; P. P. Regmi, Author ; Thapa, Y.B, Author . - 2020.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020)
Keywords: Competitiveness, market, trade, commercial farmers Abstract: Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is exportable high value sub-sector of Nepal producing to sell in targeted
international markets. This research was done to examine value chain analysis of large cardamom from governance and trade
aspects, focusing on value chain map, export scenario, and technology upgrading in eastern Himalayan road corridor (EHRC)
of Nepal. Farm level information was collected from Taplejung, Jhapa and Morang districts using set of questionnaire
(n=300). Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview and Rapid Market Appraisal were done with enablers and
traders. About 32% samples household were commercial farmers having one or more than one hectare cardamom cultivation
land. About 27% households used improved dryer for curing and drying whereas majority used (72%) traditional dryer. The
cost of production of one kg cardamom was estimated NRs. 656, and farmers received NRs. 344 profit margin from one
kg of large cardamom sold at farm. Due to global price fluctuation, price of large cardamom has been declined drastically,
although farmers are still in profit with B/C ratio of more than 1.4. The findings revealed that value chain development of
large cardamom is not well structural at function, actors and enablers level whereas village/district level collectors, regional
and national traders with their association and exporters were performing better marketing instead of governance of small
scale producers. About 90% large cardamom was exported to India.. Nepalese traders have a poor capacity and governance
to export product in other counties than India due to high entry barrier to global market. There is a potential of forming global
value chain development alliance, focusing to financing and upgrading strategy that would be pivotal for large cardamom
intervention strategy in improving value chain functionLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Value%20chain%20analysis%20of%20large%20c [...]
Title : Probit and Logit analysis: Multiple observations over time at various concentrations of biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae strain Material Type: printed text Authors: T. N. Bhusal, Author ; M. Pokhrel, Author ; R.B Thapa, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 43-51 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Models, Log transformation, regression lines, predictors, LT50, LC50 Abstract: A study was done to assess the goodness of fit of the regression lines using the data of silkworm larvae (J12 x C12 race) killed
by various concentrations of M. anisopliae and LC71 of Metarhizium. anisopliae at different time intervals (hr) applying
probit and logit function. The data were transformed before analysis using probit and logit transformations of proportion
kill and with and without a logarithmic transformation of predictors. Analysis showed that the LC50 value were 5.969×106
,
6.000×106
, 7.250 and 7.235 spores mL-1 for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. The LT50 values were 204.247,
204.381, 2.304 and 2.305 hr for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. Significant Chi-square value indicates
the necessity of heterogeneity factor for correction of variances under all functions. Residual deviance values were lower
at the log-probit (2.826 for concentration and 0.292 for time) and log-logit (2.406 for concentration and 0.440 for time)
models with higher p-values (≥ 0.587) compared to probit and logit model. In our study, p-values was higher (p>0.05) with
lower residual deviance in log transformed data which indicated that the log-probit and log-logit models could best fit to the
mortality data of silkworm larvae when the both concentration and time were as predictors. Results indicated that the logtransformation of predictors would be best for describing the mortality values of insects by concentration of Metarhizium.
anisopliae and under different time values. However, it requires more précised complete datasets and good knowledge of
statistics of samples values along with the conversion of results of probit and logit analyses back to original units before
coming into concrete application of these analytical inferences into practice.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Probit%20and%20Logit%20analysis%20Multipl [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 43-51 p.[article] Probit and Logit analysis: Multiple observations over time at various concentrations of biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae strain [printed text] / T. N. Bhusal, Author ; M. Pokhrel, Author ; R.B Thapa, Author . - 2020 . - 43-51 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 43-51 p.
Keywords: Models, Log transformation, regression lines, predictors, LT50, LC50 Abstract: A study was done to assess the goodness of fit of the regression lines using the data of silkworm larvae (J12 x C12 race) killed
by various concentrations of M. anisopliae and LC71 of Metarhizium. anisopliae at different time intervals (hr) applying
probit and logit function. The data were transformed before analysis using probit and logit transformations of proportion
kill and with and without a logarithmic transformation of predictors. Analysis showed that the LC50 value were 5.969×106
,
6.000×106
, 7.250 and 7.235 spores mL-1 for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. The LT50 values were 204.247,
204.381, 2.304 and 2.305 hr for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. Significant Chi-square value indicates
the necessity of heterogeneity factor for correction of variances under all functions. Residual deviance values were lower
at the log-probit (2.826 for concentration and 0.292 for time) and log-logit (2.406 for concentration and 0.440 for time)
models with higher p-values (≥ 0.587) compared to probit and logit model. In our study, p-values was higher (p>0.05) with
lower residual deviance in log transformed data which indicated that the log-probit and log-logit models could best fit to the
mortality data of silkworm larvae when the both concentration and time were as predictors. Results indicated that the logtransformation of predictors would be best for describing the mortality values of insects by concentration of Metarhizium.
anisopliae and under different time values. However, it requires more précised complete datasets and good knowledge of
statistics of samples values along with the conversion of results of probit and logit analyses back to original units before
coming into concrete application of these analytical inferences into practice.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Probit%20and%20Logit%20analysis%20Multipl [...]
Title : Productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. C. Dhakal, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 53-60 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Profitability, allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, benefit cost ratio Abstract: Kitchen gardening in general and organic vegetable production in particular are gaining popularity, and have been becoming
indispensable component of Nepalese farming system. This concept could be promoted in order to reduce market dependency
for vegetables; increase access to pesticide free products for home consumption, and for minimizing malnutrition and poverty.
This research was done to estimate the cost, return, profitability and productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in
kitchen gardens of Chitwan using primary data, obtained from 123 randomly selected households. Samples were selected
using simple random sampling techniques, and data were analyzed using Stata-12 for estimating descriptive statistics, CobbDouglas production function, allocative efficiency and frontier production function. Average size of holding for organic
vegetable production was 0.65 kattha with gross margin of NRs. 9,312 per kattha and benefit cost ratio 2.19. Human labor,
seed and organic manure significantly and positively contributed to the productivity of organic kitchen gardening, resulting
return to scale value at 0.57. Majority of inputs, such as seed, organic manure, and irrigation were underutilized, and human
labor was over utilized. Labour has been utilizing at technically efficient level in spite of its overutilization in allocative
efficient measure. Almost all kitchen garden firms were operating at 90% efficiency and they require about NRs. 17,116
annual income per kattha for achieving this efficiency level. Organic vegetable production in kitchen garden system is
profitable and there is scope to increase the expenditure on better seeds, organic manures, and irrigation for achieving the
maximum productive efficiency by about 69, 61, and 496%, respectively. Policy support for promoting the distribution and
adoption of vegetable seeds of improved varieties, composting, green manuring and increased use of irrigation seems fruitful
to increase the productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan district, Nepal.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Productive%20efficiency%20of%20organic%20 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 53-60 p.[article] Productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / S. C. Dhakal, Author . - 2020 . - 53-60 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 53-60 p.
Keywords: Profitability, allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, benefit cost ratio Abstract: Kitchen gardening in general and organic vegetable production in particular are gaining popularity, and have been becoming
indispensable component of Nepalese farming system. This concept could be promoted in order to reduce market dependency
for vegetables; increase access to pesticide free products for home consumption, and for minimizing malnutrition and poverty.
This research was done to estimate the cost, return, profitability and productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in
kitchen gardens of Chitwan using primary data, obtained from 123 randomly selected households. Samples were selected
using simple random sampling techniques, and data were analyzed using Stata-12 for estimating descriptive statistics, CobbDouglas production function, allocative efficiency and frontier production function. Average size of holding for organic
vegetable production was 0.65 kattha with gross margin of NRs. 9,312 per kattha and benefit cost ratio 2.19. Human labor,
seed and organic manure significantly and positively contributed to the productivity of organic kitchen gardening, resulting
return to scale value at 0.57. Majority of inputs, such as seed, organic manure, and irrigation were underutilized, and human
labor was over utilized. Labour has been utilizing at technically efficient level in spite of its overutilization in allocative
efficient measure. Almost all kitchen garden firms were operating at 90% efficiency and they require about NRs. 17,116
annual income per kattha for achieving this efficiency level. Organic vegetable production in kitchen garden system is
profitable and there is scope to increase the expenditure on better seeds, organic manures, and irrigation for achieving the
maximum productive efficiency by about 69, 61, and 496%, respectively. Policy support for promoting the distribution and
adoption of vegetable seeds of improved varieties, composting, green manuring and increased use of irrigation seems fruitful
to increase the productive efficiency of organic vegetable grown in kitchen garden of Chitwan district, Nepal.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Productive%20efficiency%20of%20organic%20 [...]
Title : Role of social capital on flood resilience capacity: Evidence analysis from Susta, Nawalparasi Paschim, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: N. Gyawali, Author ; D. Devkota, Author ; Pramila Chaudhary, Author ; A. Chhetri, Author ; N. R. Devkota, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 61-66 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Flood resilience, social capital, resilience capacity Abstract: Social capital is the interaction and inter, or intra relationship among family, community, and external groups. There are three
types of social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking to enhance flood resilience and make the communities better prepared.
Flood resilience is the coping capacity of the community to prepare, respond, and recover from a flood shock, or stressor. A
study was done to understand the role of social capital on flood resilience in the two communities i.e. Kudiya and Paklihawa
of Susta municipality of Nawalparasi Paschim .Accordingly, household survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and Key
Informants Interview (KII) were carried out to collect the qualitative and quantitative data and information. The analysis of
the data and information shows that among the three social capitals, bonding and bridging social capitals are quite strong
in the communities, but linking social capital is weaker. 94% of the 402 respondents reported to have engagement with
other community members, or groups whereas 91% respondents reported that they have stronger community to community
coordination, and 67% respondents opined that they do not have access to external resources.The linking social capital needs
to be strengthened to enhance flood response capacity of the two communities. It means that local government should work
closely with local communities as per their needs and requirement and leverage the funds to the communities.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Role%20of%20social%20capital%20on%20flood [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 61-66 p.[article] Role of social capital on flood resilience capacity: Evidence analysis from Susta, Nawalparasi Paschim, Nepal [printed text] / N. Gyawali, Author ; D. Devkota, Author ; Pramila Chaudhary, Author ; A. Chhetri, Author ; N. R. Devkota, Author . - 2020 . - 61-66 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 61-66 p.
Keywords: Flood resilience, social capital, resilience capacity Abstract: Social capital is the interaction and inter, or intra relationship among family, community, and external groups. There are three
types of social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking to enhance flood resilience and make the communities better prepared.
Flood resilience is the coping capacity of the community to prepare, respond, and recover from a flood shock, or stressor. A
study was done to understand the role of social capital on flood resilience in the two communities i.e. Kudiya and Paklihawa
of Susta municipality of Nawalparasi Paschim .Accordingly, household survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and Key
Informants Interview (KII) were carried out to collect the qualitative and quantitative data and information. The analysis of
the data and information shows that among the three social capitals, bonding and bridging social capitals are quite strong
in the communities, but linking social capital is weaker. 94% of the 402 respondents reported to have engagement with
other community members, or groups whereas 91% respondents reported that they have stronger community to community
coordination, and 67% respondents opined that they do not have access to external resources.The linking social capital needs
to be strengthened to enhance flood response capacity of the two communities. It means that local government should work
closely with local communities as per their needs and requirement and leverage the funds to the communities.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Role%20of%20social%20capital%20on%20flood [...]
Title : Effect of digestate / biogas slurry on wheat under rice – wheat cropping system Material Type: printed text Authors: B.P. Pandey, Author ; N. Khatri, Author ; K. R. Pant, Author ; R. P. Poudel, Author ; A. H. Khan, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 67-75 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: crop productivity, organic matter, Triticum aestivum, nitrogen Abstract: Soil fertility in several parts of Nepal is declining mainly due to continuous cultivation and without replenishing soil nutrient
removal by crops with quality fertilizers in required quantity. Nepal does not produce chemical fertilizers and most farmers
cannot afford to buy the imported fertilizer. Under these circumstances, emphasizing locally available low cost organic
manure may become an important option. This research compares the effect of different stages [5 days (fresh), 90 days (3
months) and 180 days (6 months)], and dose (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) of digestate/biogas slurry on wheat yield. Field experiments
were conducted during winter seasons of 2016 – 2017 (first year) and 2017 - 2018 (second year) in a silt loam soil to identify
suitable stage and appropriate dose of digestate regarding yield maximization of wheat. The experiment was done by using 2
factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), each treatment with three replications. Grain yield was significantly
higher (2.2 t ha-1) due to application of biogas slurry of 5 days stage than the stage of 90 days (2.1 t ha-1) in 2016 - 2017,
2017 – 2018 and in pooled analysis. Grain yield increased significantly up to the dose of 10 t ha-1 as compared to that of no use
(check), and became saturated, in 2016 – 2017, 2017 – 2018, and also in pooled analysis. Hence, the use of biogas slurry of the
stage of 5 days with the dose of 10 t ha-1 resulted higher grain yield of wheat (cv. Vijay), is edaphically and economically viable
option for wheat productionLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effect%20of%20digestate%20%20biogas%20slu [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 67-75 p.[article] Effect of digestate / biogas slurry on wheat under rice – wheat cropping system [printed text] / B.P. Pandey, Author ; N. Khatri, Author ; K. R. Pant, Author ; R. P. Poudel, Author ; A. H. Khan, Author . - 2020 . - 67-75 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 67-75 p.
Keywords: crop productivity, organic matter, Triticum aestivum, nitrogen Abstract: Soil fertility in several parts of Nepal is declining mainly due to continuous cultivation and without replenishing soil nutrient
removal by crops with quality fertilizers in required quantity. Nepal does not produce chemical fertilizers and most farmers
cannot afford to buy the imported fertilizer. Under these circumstances, emphasizing locally available low cost organic
manure may become an important option. This research compares the effect of different stages [5 days (fresh), 90 days (3
months) and 180 days (6 months)], and dose (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) of digestate/biogas slurry on wheat yield. Field experiments
were conducted during winter seasons of 2016 – 2017 (first year) and 2017 - 2018 (second year) in a silt loam soil to identify
suitable stage and appropriate dose of digestate regarding yield maximization of wheat. The experiment was done by using 2
factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), each treatment with three replications. Grain yield was significantly
higher (2.2 t ha-1) due to application of biogas slurry of 5 days stage than the stage of 90 days (2.1 t ha-1) in 2016 - 2017,
2017 – 2018 and in pooled analysis. Grain yield increased significantly up to the dose of 10 t ha-1 as compared to that of no use
(check), and became saturated, in 2016 – 2017, 2017 – 2018, and also in pooled analysis. Hence, the use of biogas slurry of the
stage of 5 days with the dose of 10 t ha-1 resulted higher grain yield of wheat (cv. Vijay), is edaphically and economically viable
option for wheat productionLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effect%20of%20digestate%20%20biogas%20slu [...]
Title : Assessment of site specific nutrient management on the productivity of wheat at Bhairahawa, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: M. Yadav, Author ; Sanjit Kumar Saha, Author ; A. P. Regmi, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 77-82 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Site specific nutrient management, wheat productivity, fertilizer, micro-nutrient Abstract: Low and unbalanced fertilizer application rate are the major factors contributing to the poor yield of wheat in Nepal. The Site
Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) provides the field specific recommendations in a cost effective and precise manner.
A field experiment was done at National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal during 2019-
20 to evaluate the site specific nutrient management approaches in order to enhance wheat productivity. The SSNM dose
was determined at NWRP by using omission plot techniques. The calculated SSNM dose (148:65:71 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1),
was compared with SSNM + Zn + B, (148:65:71:5:1 N: P2
O5
:K2
O Zn : B kg ha-1), Research recommended dose (RRD,
150:50:50 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1); National recommended dose (NRD, 100:50:25 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1), Nutrients expert dose
(NED,110:50:73 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1), and farmers dose (FD, 80: 40:15 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1) in a RCB design with four
replications. The data on growth, yield attributes and yield were collected and analyzed using Genstat Statistical package.
Results showed that research recommended dose (RRD) along with SSNM dose and SSNM +Zn +B were statistically similar
(p>0.05), but these treatments were comparatively superior over rest of the treatments for yield attributes and yield. Hence
it can be concluded that wheat yield can be improved through adoption of SSNM and RRD of fertilizers at Bhairahawa
condition.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Assessment%20of%20site%20specific%20nutri [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 77-82 p.[article] Assessment of site specific nutrient management on the productivity of wheat at Bhairahawa, Nepal [printed text] / M. Yadav, Author ; Sanjit Kumar Saha, Author ; A. P. Regmi, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author . - 2020 . - 77-82 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 77-82 p.
Keywords: Site specific nutrient management, wheat productivity, fertilizer, micro-nutrient Abstract: Low and unbalanced fertilizer application rate are the major factors contributing to the poor yield of wheat in Nepal. The Site
Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) provides the field specific recommendations in a cost effective and precise manner.
A field experiment was done at National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal during 2019-
20 to evaluate the site specific nutrient management approaches in order to enhance wheat productivity. The SSNM dose
was determined at NWRP by using omission plot techniques. The calculated SSNM dose (148:65:71 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1),
was compared with SSNM + Zn + B, (148:65:71:5:1 N: P2
O5
:K2
O Zn : B kg ha-1), Research recommended dose (RRD,
150:50:50 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1); National recommended dose (NRD, 100:50:25 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1), Nutrients expert dose
(NED,110:50:73 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1), and farmers dose (FD, 80: 40:15 N: P2
O5
:K2
O kg ha-1) in a RCB design with four
replications. The data on growth, yield attributes and yield were collected and analyzed using Genstat Statistical package.
Results showed that research recommended dose (RRD) along with SSNM dose and SSNM +Zn +B were statistically similar
(p>0.05), but these treatments were comparatively superior over rest of the treatments for yield attributes and yield. Hence
it can be concluded that wheat yield can be improved through adoption of SSNM and RRD of fertilizers at Bhairahawa
condition.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Assessment%20of%20site%20specific%20nutri [...]
Title : Field response of wheat genotypes to spot blotch under different sowing dates at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: Saraswati Nepali, Author ; S. M. Shrestha, Author ; H. K. Manandhar, Author ; R. K. Yadav, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 83-90 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Spot blotch, AUDPC, resistance, sowing conditions, Nepal Abstract: Wheat spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker has emerged as an important fungal disease for its
economic losses in Nepalese wheat production system due state of poor resistance to spot blotch exacerbated by terminal
heat stress in popular released wheat varieties. Thus it has engendered a dire need for identification of new robust and
improved varieties with spot blotch resistance, suited to different sowing conditions. A field experiment was conducted at
premises of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur to elucidate the field response of twenty wheat genotypes under
different sowing conditions (early- 25th November, normal- 10th December, and late- 25th December) to spot blotch by
using Split plot design, each treatment with three replicates, during 2017-2018. The analysis of variance revealed highly
significant interaction (p due to significantly higher disease severity under late-sown wheat cropping was observed due to warmer conditions later in
the season. Genotypes viz., NL 1207 (168.5 and 416.77) and BL 4341 (185.97 and 428.8) outrivaled other test genotypes
with substantially lower mean area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values based on flag leaf and penultimate leaf
infection, and higher yield (3.23 and 3.02 t/ha), respectively, and thus could be effectively utilized as robust progenitor in
spot blotch resistance breeding programs. Our findings revealed that the simultaneous adoption of early sowing and resistant
wheat genotypes could be a promising and economic avenue to reduce the disease pressure leading reduced yield penalties.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Field%20response%20of%20wheat%20genotypes [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 83-90 p.[article] Field response of wheat genotypes to spot blotch under different sowing dates at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / Saraswati Nepali, Author ; S. M. Shrestha, Author ; H. K. Manandhar, Author ; R. K. Yadav, Author . - 2020 . - 83-90 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 83-90 p.
Keywords: Spot blotch, AUDPC, resistance, sowing conditions, Nepal Abstract: Wheat spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker has emerged as an important fungal disease for its
economic losses in Nepalese wheat production system due state of poor resistance to spot blotch exacerbated by terminal
heat stress in popular released wheat varieties. Thus it has engendered a dire need for identification of new robust and
improved varieties with spot blotch resistance, suited to different sowing conditions. A field experiment was conducted at
premises of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur to elucidate the field response of twenty wheat genotypes under
different sowing conditions (early- 25th November, normal- 10th December, and late- 25th December) to spot blotch by
using Split plot design, each treatment with three replicates, during 2017-2018. The analysis of variance revealed highly
significant interaction (p due to significantly higher disease severity under late-sown wheat cropping was observed due to warmer conditions later in
the season. Genotypes viz., NL 1207 (168.5 and 416.77) and BL 4341 (185.97 and 428.8) outrivaled other test genotypes
with substantially lower mean area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values based on flag leaf and penultimate leaf
infection, and higher yield (3.23 and 3.02 t/ha), respectively, and thus could be effectively utilized as robust progenitor in
spot blotch resistance breeding programs. Our findings revealed that the simultaneous adoption of early sowing and resistant
wheat genotypes could be a promising and economic avenue to reduce the disease pressure leading reduced yield penalties.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Field%20response%20of%20wheat%20genotypes [...]
Title : Weed density and productivity of dry direct seeded rice in relation to weed management practices and seedbed preparation methods Material Type: printed text Authors: P. Shah, Author ; Sanjit Kumar Saha, Author ; Kul Bahadur Basnet, Author ; M. N. Paudel, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 91-100 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Weed dry matter, herbicide, stale seedbed, normal seedbed, tank mixture Abstract: Effective weed management practice is important for successful dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) cultivation. Field experiments
were conducted during rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017 to assess the effect of herbicides, or herbicides mixture, and seedbeds
preparation methods on weed density and grain yield of DDSR. The experiments were done by using two factors factorial strip
plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of nine weed management practices (weed free; weedy check;
spraying Pendimethalin; Bispyribac sodium; Ethoxysulfuron; Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac sodium; Pendimethalin
followed by Ethoxysulfuron; Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron, and Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac
sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron) as horizontal factor whereas two seedbed preparation methods (stale, and normal
seedbed) were considered as the vertical factor. The data were collected and analyzed using MSTAT-C statistical software.
Total density and dry matter of weeds were significantly (p spray and Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray at all the growth stages of rice in both the years. Similarly,
rice grain yield was significantly higher (p sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray in both the years. Effect of seedbed preparation methods on weed density and
dry matter, yield attributes and yield of rice were non-significant. Therefore, Pendimethalin spray followed by Bispyribac
sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray seems better option for managing weeds in DDSRLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Weed%20density%20and%20productivity%20of% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 91-100 p.[article] Weed density and productivity of dry direct seeded rice in relation to weed management practices and seedbed preparation methods [printed text] / P. Shah, Author ; Sanjit Kumar Saha, Author ; Kul Bahadur Basnet, Author ; M. N. Paudel, Author . - 2020 . - 91-100 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 91-100 p.
Keywords: Weed dry matter, herbicide, stale seedbed, normal seedbed, tank mixture Abstract: Effective weed management practice is important for successful dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) cultivation. Field experiments
were conducted during rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017 to assess the effect of herbicides, or herbicides mixture, and seedbeds
preparation methods on weed density and grain yield of DDSR. The experiments were done by using two factors factorial strip
plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of nine weed management practices (weed free; weedy check;
spraying Pendimethalin; Bispyribac sodium; Ethoxysulfuron; Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac sodium; Pendimethalin
followed by Ethoxysulfuron; Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron, and Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac
sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron) as horizontal factor whereas two seedbed preparation methods (stale, and normal
seedbed) were considered as the vertical factor. The data were collected and analyzed using MSTAT-C statistical software.
Total density and dry matter of weeds were significantly (p spray and Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray at all the growth stages of rice in both the years. Similarly,
rice grain yield was significantly higher (p sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray in both the years. Effect of seedbed preparation methods on weed density and
dry matter, yield attributes and yield of rice were non-significant. Therefore, Pendimethalin spray followed by Bispyribac
sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray seems better option for managing weeds in DDSRLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Weed%20density%20and%20productivity%20of% [...]
Title : Weed dynamics and productivity of dry direct seeded rice in relation to tillage and weed management practices Material Type: printed text Authors: D. Marasini, Author ; Sanjit Kumar Saha, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author ; S. Dhakal, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 101-108 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: DDSR, tank mixture, weed dynamics, yield Abstract: Weed is one of the major constraints for success of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) technology. The productivity, weed
density and weed dry weight of DDSR is influenced by weed management practices. A field experiment was done to evaluate
tillage methods and weed management practices on weed dynamics and yield of DDSR using split plot design; each treatment
replicated thrice. The treatment consisted of two tillage methods in the main plots, and eight weed management practices
in the sub-plots. Gorakhnath-509 was the variety of rice used.Weed flora observed in the experiment comprised of 25 weed
species, belonging to 12 families. Among them 12 were broadleaf weed, belonging to 10 families; 8 were grasses, belonging
to Poaceae family, and the rest 5 were sedges, belonging to Cyperaceae family. Tillage methods did not influence weed
density and weed dry weight in DDSR, but weed management practices reduced weed density and dry weight at all dates of
observation compared to weedy check. All the weed management practices significantly improved the grain yield of DDSR
in both tillage methods. Treatments with higher grain yield of DDSR were, use of pendimethalin followed by hand weeding
(3,742 kg ha-1); pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-Na (3,552 kg ha-1), and pendimethalin followed by tank mixture
application of bispyribac-Na and ethoxysulfuron(3,638 kg ha-1), but were statistically similar (p>0.05). Results thus supports
the fact that application of popular pre-emergence herbicide- pendimethalin followed by manual weeding, or post-emergence
herbicide, such as Bispyribac-Na, or tank mixture of post emergence herbicides bispyribac-Na and Ethoxysulfuron could be
the most effective weed management practices in both tillage method of rice cultivation.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Weed%20dynamics%20and%20productivity%20of [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 101-108 p.[article] Weed dynamics and productivity of dry direct seeded rice in relation to tillage and weed management practices [printed text] / D. Marasini, Author ; Sanjit Kumar Saha, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author ; S. Dhakal, Author . - 2020 . - 101-108 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 101-108 p.
Keywords: DDSR, tank mixture, weed dynamics, yield Abstract: Weed is one of the major constraints for success of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) technology. The productivity, weed
density and weed dry weight of DDSR is influenced by weed management practices. A field experiment was done to evaluate
tillage methods and weed management practices on weed dynamics and yield of DDSR using split plot design; each treatment
replicated thrice. The treatment consisted of two tillage methods in the main plots, and eight weed management practices
in the sub-plots. Gorakhnath-509 was the variety of rice used.Weed flora observed in the experiment comprised of 25 weed
species, belonging to 12 families. Among them 12 were broadleaf weed, belonging to 10 families; 8 were grasses, belonging
to Poaceae family, and the rest 5 were sedges, belonging to Cyperaceae family. Tillage methods did not influence weed
density and weed dry weight in DDSR, but weed management practices reduced weed density and dry weight at all dates of
observation compared to weedy check. All the weed management practices significantly improved the grain yield of DDSR
in both tillage methods. Treatments with higher grain yield of DDSR were, use of pendimethalin followed by hand weeding
(3,742 kg ha-1); pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-Na (3,552 kg ha-1), and pendimethalin followed by tank mixture
application of bispyribac-Na and ethoxysulfuron(3,638 kg ha-1), but were statistically similar (p>0.05). Results thus supports
the fact that application of popular pre-emergence herbicide- pendimethalin followed by manual weeding, or post-emergence
herbicide, such as Bispyribac-Na, or tank mixture of post emergence herbicides bispyribac-Na and Ethoxysulfuron could be
the most effective weed management practices in both tillage method of rice cultivation.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Weed%20dynamics%20and%20productivity%20of [...]
Title : Evaluation of maize hybrids in Terai and inner Terai ecological belt of Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: K. B. Koirala, Author ; T. R. Rijal, Author ; G. K.C., Author ; Salman Khan, Author ; D, N. Mahato, Author ; S. Manandhar, Author ; S. Subedi, Author ; M. P. Tripathi, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 109-116 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Coordinated varietal trial, genotypes, multi-location, single cross Abstract: Hybrid is the most economical option to boost up the grain yield of maize, and slowly it is gaining popularity among the
farmers of Nepal. In order to identify the potential hybrids suitable for Terai and Inner Terai regions, a set of experiment was
conducted on hybrid maize developed by National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur in Coordinated Variety Trials
(CVTs) during the winter season of 2014/15 and 2015/16. The experiments were done by using Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD). Each treatment was replicated thrice for each site at Rampur, Belachapi, Tarahara, and Parwanipur. Over
the years, genotypes RML-83/RL-197 and RML-4/RL-111 yielded higher than other tested genotypes in Tarahara. Similarly,
RL-180/RL-105, RML-87/RL-105, Dekalb double and Rampur Hybrid-6 produced higher grain yield at Belachapi during
2014/15. Genotype RML-4/RML-111 followed by RML-98/RL-105, and Rampur Hybrid-6 yielded higher at Parwanipur
during 2015/16. In the case of Rampur, genotypes RML-98/RML-105 had produced higher yield in both the years whereas
RML-5/RL-105 during 2014/15, and Rampur Hybrid-2 followed by RML-55/RL-105 were the superior genotypes in terms
of grain yield during 2015/16. Those hybrids with higher grain yield in CVTs will be upgraded to Coordinated Farmers Field
Trial on Hybrid (CFFTH) and these hybrids might be the potential future hybrids for Terai and Inner Terai of Nepal.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Evaluation%20of%20maize%20hybrids%20in%20 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 109-116 p.[article] Evaluation of maize hybrids in Terai and inner Terai ecological belt of Nepal [printed text] / K. B. Koirala, Author ; T. R. Rijal, Author ; G. K.C., Author ; Salman Khan, Author ; D, N. Mahato, Author ; S. Manandhar, Author ; S. Subedi, Author ; M. P. Tripathi, Author . - 2020 . - 109-116 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 109-116 p.
Keywords: Coordinated varietal trial, genotypes, multi-location, single cross Abstract: Hybrid is the most economical option to boost up the grain yield of maize, and slowly it is gaining popularity among the
farmers of Nepal. In order to identify the potential hybrids suitable for Terai and Inner Terai regions, a set of experiment was
conducted on hybrid maize developed by National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur in Coordinated Variety Trials
(CVTs) during the winter season of 2014/15 and 2015/16. The experiments were done by using Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD). Each treatment was replicated thrice for each site at Rampur, Belachapi, Tarahara, and Parwanipur. Over
the years, genotypes RML-83/RL-197 and RML-4/RL-111 yielded higher than other tested genotypes in Tarahara. Similarly,
RL-180/RL-105, RML-87/RL-105, Dekalb double and Rampur Hybrid-6 produced higher grain yield at Belachapi during
2014/15. Genotype RML-4/RML-111 followed by RML-98/RL-105, and Rampur Hybrid-6 yielded higher at Parwanipur
during 2015/16. In the case of Rampur, genotypes RML-98/RML-105 had produced higher yield in both the years whereas
RML-5/RL-105 during 2014/15, and Rampur Hybrid-2 followed by RML-55/RL-105 were the superior genotypes in terms
of grain yield during 2015/16. Those hybrids with higher grain yield in CVTs will be upgraded to Coordinated Farmers Field
Trial on Hybrid (CFFTH) and these hybrids might be the potential future hybrids for Terai and Inner Terai of Nepal.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Evaluation%20of%20maize%20hybrids%20in%20 [...]
Title : Nitrogen levels influence barrenness and sterility of maize varieties under different establishment methods during hot spring in western Terai of Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Marahatta, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 117-127 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Conservation agriculture, barrenness, sterility, nitrogen levels Abstract: The national average yield of maize is less than its potential yield in Nepal mainly due to poor agronomic management and
adverse climatic conditions. The effect of no-tillage combined with retention of previous crop residues and varying nitrogen
fertilizer levels on barrenness, sterility, and yield of open pollinated (OP), and hybrid maize varieties were analyzed in the
Western Terai region of Nepal during 2011 and 2012. The treatments included factorial combinations of two establishment
methods, (a) conservation agriculture (CA; i.e., no-till with crop residue retention from previous crops) and (b) conventional
practice (i.e., conventional tillage without residue retention); two varieties (OP ‘Rampur Composite’ and hybrid ‘Rajkumar);
and four N fertilizer levels [(0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 (during 2011), and 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1 (during 2012)] arranged
in strip plot design to grow maize under rice-mustard-maize cropping system with three replications. Data on sterility,
barrenness and yield were analyzed by using R Studio. The effect of barrenness and sterility on the grain yield was negative
and significant during both the years. Both barrenness and sterility were higher (by 58.28 and 12.35%, respectively) in 2012
as compared to the 2011, also due to higher temperature and low rainfall. Higher nitrogen uptake under CA resulted the lower
barrenness and sterility percentage, and hence the higher grains yield (9%). Barrenness did not effect by varieties (p>0.05),
but the sterility (p than OP Rampur Composite, resulting higher grains yield. The nitrogen uptake was significant and negatively correlated
with sterility percentage. Both barrenness and sterility significantly decreased linearly with increasing the nitrogen levels
while barrenness was drastically reduced as compared to the sterility. Hybrid Rajkumar had higher nitrogen uptake than OP
Rampur Composite resulting lower sterility even under the nitrogen omission. Hybrid Rajkumar was more stable than OP
Rampur Composite with low nitrogen application, high temperature and drought resulting- lower barrenness, sterility, and
thus the high grain yield.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Nitrogen%20levels%20influence%20barrennes [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 117-127 p.[article] Nitrogen levels influence barrenness and sterility of maize varieties under different establishment methods during hot spring in western Terai of Nepal [printed text] / S. Marahatta, Author . - 2020 . - 117-127 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 117-127 p.
Keywords: Conservation agriculture, barrenness, sterility, nitrogen levels Abstract: The national average yield of maize is less than its potential yield in Nepal mainly due to poor agronomic management and
adverse climatic conditions. The effect of no-tillage combined with retention of previous crop residues and varying nitrogen
fertilizer levels on barrenness, sterility, and yield of open pollinated (OP), and hybrid maize varieties were analyzed in the
Western Terai region of Nepal during 2011 and 2012. The treatments included factorial combinations of two establishment
methods, (a) conservation agriculture (CA; i.e., no-till with crop residue retention from previous crops) and (b) conventional
practice (i.e., conventional tillage without residue retention); two varieties (OP ‘Rampur Composite’ and hybrid ‘Rajkumar);
and four N fertilizer levels [(0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 (during 2011), and 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1 (during 2012)] arranged
in strip plot design to grow maize under rice-mustard-maize cropping system with three replications. Data on sterility,
barrenness and yield were analyzed by using R Studio. The effect of barrenness and sterility on the grain yield was negative
and significant during both the years. Both barrenness and sterility were higher (by 58.28 and 12.35%, respectively) in 2012
as compared to the 2011, also due to higher temperature and low rainfall. Higher nitrogen uptake under CA resulted the lower
barrenness and sterility percentage, and hence the higher grains yield (9%). Barrenness did not effect by varieties (p>0.05),
but the sterility (p than OP Rampur Composite, resulting higher grains yield. The nitrogen uptake was significant and negatively correlated
with sterility percentage. Both barrenness and sterility significantly decreased linearly with increasing the nitrogen levels
while barrenness was drastically reduced as compared to the sterility. Hybrid Rajkumar had higher nitrogen uptake than OP
Rampur Composite resulting lower sterility even under the nitrogen omission. Hybrid Rajkumar was more stable than OP
Rampur Composite with low nitrogen application, high temperature and drought resulting- lower barrenness, sterility, and
thus the high grain yield.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Nitrogen%20levels%20influence%20barrennes [...]
Title : Comparative economics of maize grain and seed production in Okhaldhunga, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: P. R. Dulal, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 129-132 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Maize seed, economics, production problems, grain Abstract: Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation is very popular in Nepal. Basically, in the rural hills of Nepal such as Okhaldhunga, it
dominates any other crop production. This study was done to for a comparative assessment of economics, marketing, and
to identify major problems of maize seed and grain production in hilly eastern district of Okhaldhunga during June of
2017. The data were obtained by the interview of 66 purposively selected producers (33 each of maize grain and seed
producers) with the use of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Both the grain and seed producers were similar in terms
of socio-demographic characteristics and marketing accessibilities, but the seed producers were significantly benefited from
the trainings, extension services, and credit facilities despite having comparatively small size of land holding (0.14 ha) than
the grain producers. The inputs (manures, fertilizers, and the seed) contributed 48% and 50% of the total cost incurred for
grain and seed production, respectively whereas the pre-sowing and sowing activities contributed more than 77% of cost
in both the cases. In spite of higher cost for seed production, the benefit cost ratio of seed production was higher (1.52)
than grain production (1.13). Findings also revealed that only 24% of the total harvest was processed and marketed as seed
whereas using optimum quantity (66% middle portion of the cob) for seed production could further increase the income by
23.35%. The major production problems were scarce farm labor followed by lack of infrastructures, while low seasonal price
followed by low volume of production ranked the first and second most important marketing related problems. Subsidies
on the agri-inputs, timely availability of inputs, and encouragement of the youth towards agri-enterprise via various youth
oriented programs can be done to overcome these problems.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Comparative%20economics%20of%20maize%20gr [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 129-132 p.[article] Comparative economics of maize grain and seed production in Okhaldhunga, Nepal [printed text] / P. R. Dulal, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author . - 2020 . - 129-132 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 129-132 p.
Keywords: Maize seed, economics, production problems, grain Abstract: Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation is very popular in Nepal. Basically, in the rural hills of Nepal such as Okhaldhunga, it
dominates any other crop production. This study was done to for a comparative assessment of economics, marketing, and
to identify major problems of maize seed and grain production in hilly eastern district of Okhaldhunga during June of
2017. The data were obtained by the interview of 66 purposively selected producers (33 each of maize grain and seed
producers) with the use of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Both the grain and seed producers were similar in terms
of socio-demographic characteristics and marketing accessibilities, but the seed producers were significantly benefited from
the trainings, extension services, and credit facilities despite having comparatively small size of land holding (0.14 ha) than
the grain producers. The inputs (manures, fertilizers, and the seed) contributed 48% and 50% of the total cost incurred for
grain and seed production, respectively whereas the pre-sowing and sowing activities contributed more than 77% of cost
in both the cases. In spite of higher cost for seed production, the benefit cost ratio of seed production was higher (1.52)
than grain production (1.13). Findings also revealed that only 24% of the total harvest was processed and marketed as seed
whereas using optimum quantity (66% middle portion of the cob) for seed production could further increase the income by
23.35%. The major production problems were scarce farm labor followed by lack of infrastructures, while low seasonal price
followed by low volume of production ranked the first and second most important marketing related problems. Subsidies
on the agri-inputs, timely availability of inputs, and encouragement of the youth towards agri-enterprise via various youth
oriented programs can be done to overcome these problems.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Comparative%20economics%20of%20maize%20gr [...]
Title : Evaluation of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for variety improvement | D. R. Bhattarai, S. K. Maharjan, I. P. Gautam, S. Subedi, and S. Pokhrel Material Type: printed text Authors: D. R. Bhattarai, Author ; Surya Kumar Maharjan, Author ; I. P. Gautam, Author ; S. Subedi, Author ; S. Pokhrel, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 139-144 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Physiological weight loss, shelf life, fruit yield Abstract: An experiment was done at Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar,
Nepal under polyhouse condition to access different traits of six capsicum genotypes: HRDCAP-001, HRDCAP-003,
HRDCAP-004, HRDCAP-005, HRDCAP-006, and California Wonder (check variety) with the objective to evaluate yield
and quality. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications for
each treatment. All the collected data were analyzed by using Gentstat statistical software package. Results revealed that
tested genotypes were significantly different (p California Wonder was the best for fruit length (86.11 mm), fruit width (70.45 mm), and fruit weight (126.12 g) while
HRDCAP-001 was superior in pericarp thickness (6.44 mm), fruit yield (2.46 kg per plant; 68.3 t/ha) and shelf life (6.80 days).
California Wonder had lowest physiological weight loss at different days after harvest. This study recognizes HRDCAP-001
to be a promising genotype. Hence, there is a possibility to release this genotype as a variety for commercial cultivation,
however, a multi location trial prior to its release is deemed necessary. Furthermore, all evaluated genotypes through this
research could be utilized for capsicum breeding in NepalLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Evaluation%20of%20capsicum%20%28Capsicum% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 139-144 p.[article] Evaluation of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for variety improvement | D. R. Bhattarai, S. K. Maharjan, I. P. Gautam, S. Subedi, and S. Pokhrel [printed text] / D. R. Bhattarai, Author ; Surya Kumar Maharjan, Author ; I. P. Gautam, Author ; S. Subedi, Author ; S. Pokhrel, Author . - 2020 . - 139-144 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 139-144 p.
Keywords: Physiological weight loss, shelf life, fruit yield Abstract: An experiment was done at Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar,
Nepal under polyhouse condition to access different traits of six capsicum genotypes: HRDCAP-001, HRDCAP-003,
HRDCAP-004, HRDCAP-005, HRDCAP-006, and California Wonder (check variety) with the objective to evaluate yield
and quality. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications for
each treatment. All the collected data were analyzed by using Gentstat statistical software package. Results revealed that
tested genotypes were significantly different (p California Wonder was the best for fruit length (86.11 mm), fruit width (70.45 mm), and fruit weight (126.12 g) while
HRDCAP-001 was superior in pericarp thickness (6.44 mm), fruit yield (2.46 kg per plant; 68.3 t/ha) and shelf life (6.80 days).
California Wonder had lowest physiological weight loss at different days after harvest. This study recognizes HRDCAP-001
to be a promising genotype. Hence, there is a possibility to release this genotype as a variety for commercial cultivation,
however, a multi location trial prior to its release is deemed necessary. Furthermore, all evaluated genotypes through this
research could be utilized for capsicum breeding in NepalLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Evaluation%20of%20capsicum%20%28Capsicum% [...]
Title : Integrated management protocol for New Zealand endemic wheat bug (Nysius huttoni) in forage brassicas | S. Tiwari, N. Dickinson, and S. D. Wratten Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Tiwari, Author ; N. Dickinson, Author ; D. Wratten, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 145-151 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Economic pest, pesticide resistance, trap cropping, Lobularia maritima, Abstract: Wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is considered as an economic pest of forage Brassicas and many other cultivated crops, such as
wheat, kale, and vegetables in New Zealand. Insecticides- as seed coatings and sprays are frequently used to manage this pest,
but a high proportion of these insecticidal compounds enter the soil and leads to pesticide resistance, and they may impact
beneficial arthropods and soil microorganisms, creating an adverse effect on ecosystem services (ES). In this paper, we discuss
a technology, that we have developed to trap , for example, wheat bug away from kale seedlings, and integrating these in
less suceptible kale cultivars that can potentially reduce over-reliance on orthodox pesticides on brassicas. Laboratory studies
were conducted to screen the suitable trap crop among nine other plants (alyssum, wheat, phacelia, buckwheat, coriander,
white clover, alfalfa, and kale) mainly by considering growth stages (vegetative and flowering), and select less susceptible
kale cultivars among six other (Kestrel, Gruner, Sovereign, Regal, Corka and Colear). Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) and
wheat (Triticum aestivum) were the most favoured potential trap plants for the wheat bug in a laboraotry study. Flowering
stage of alyssum is the most susceptible growth stage by the bug damage. Kestrel and Coleor are the most popular kale
cultivars used as forage brassicas in New Zealand, but they are the most susceptible to the wheat bug. Corka and Regal were
the least susceptible cultivars. The integration of trap cropping technology by using alyssum as the trap crop, preferably
depolying flowering stage, along with sowing less susceptible kale cultivars such as Corka and Regal in main fields have
been suggested to protect brassica seedlings from bug damage.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Integrated%20management%20protocol%20for% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 145-151 p.[article] Integrated management protocol for New Zealand endemic wheat bug (Nysius huttoni) in forage brassicas | S. Tiwari, N. Dickinson, and S. D. Wratten [printed text] / S. Tiwari, Author ; N. Dickinson, Author ; D. Wratten, Author . - 2020 . - 145-151 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 145-151 p.
Keywords: Economic pest, pesticide resistance, trap cropping, Lobularia maritima, Abstract: Wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is considered as an economic pest of forage Brassicas and many other cultivated crops, such as
wheat, kale, and vegetables in New Zealand. Insecticides- as seed coatings and sprays are frequently used to manage this pest,
but a high proportion of these insecticidal compounds enter the soil and leads to pesticide resistance, and they may impact
beneficial arthropods and soil microorganisms, creating an adverse effect on ecosystem services (ES). In this paper, we discuss
a technology, that we have developed to trap , for example, wheat bug away from kale seedlings, and integrating these in
less suceptible kale cultivars that can potentially reduce over-reliance on orthodox pesticides on brassicas. Laboratory studies
were conducted to screen the suitable trap crop among nine other plants (alyssum, wheat, phacelia, buckwheat, coriander,
white clover, alfalfa, and kale) mainly by considering growth stages (vegetative and flowering), and select less susceptible
kale cultivars among six other (Kestrel, Gruner, Sovereign, Regal, Corka and Colear). Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) and
wheat (Triticum aestivum) were the most favoured potential trap plants for the wheat bug in a laboraotry study. Flowering
stage of alyssum is the most susceptible growth stage by the bug damage. Kestrel and Coleor are the most popular kale
cultivars used as forage brassicas in New Zealand, but they are the most susceptible to the wheat bug. Corka and Regal were
the least susceptible cultivars. The integration of trap cropping technology by using alyssum as the trap crop, preferably
depolying flowering stage, along with sowing less susceptible kale cultivars such as Corka and Regal in main fields have
been suggested to protect brassica seedlings from bug damage.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Integrated%20management%20protocol%20for% [...]
Title : Mulching materials affect growth and yield characters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Malini) under drip irrigation condition in Chitwan, Nepal | A. Karki, B. Sapkota, P. Bist, K. Bista, J. P. Dutta, S. Marahatta, and B. Shrestha Material Type: printed text Authors: A. Karki, Author ; B. Sapkota, Author ; P. Bist, Author ; K. Bista, Author ; J. P. Dutta, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author ; Basanta Shrestha, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 153-159 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Growth, fruit yield, mulch Abstract: An experiment was done to evaluate the effect of mulching materials on growth and yield characters of cucumber (var:
Malini) under drip irrigation condition during February to May 2018 in Chitwan district, Nepal. The experiment was done
by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Accordingly, four different mulching materials, viz. silver on
black polyethylene mulch, black polyethylene mulch, rice straw mulch, and rice husk mulch were used as treatments. Each
treatment was replicated four times. Un-mulched plot served as control. Mulching improved growth and yield characters
of cucumber. Plant height and number of leaves were significantly higher (p was used. Similarly, highest number of male (69.50) and female (33.50) flowers per plant were recorded in silver on black
polyethylene mulch used. Male flowers were minimum (29.80) in rice husk mulch used treatment whereas female flowers
were minimum (10.30) in the control treatment. Sex ratio was the highest (3.43) in control and it was lowest (1.81) for
rice husk mulch used treatment. Number of fruit per plant was significantly higher (p polyethylene mulch treatment. Likewise, longest fruit length (18.42 cm) was measured in silver on black polyethylene mulch
treatment whereas shortest (15.24 cm) length was measured in control. Yield of silver on black polyethylene mulch and
black polyethylene mulch was almost three-folds and two-folds to that of the control, respectively. B: C ratio shows the use
of silver on black polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch economically more beneficial in cucumber production
with highest benefit. Findings of this experiment thus clearly suggest the benefit of using silver on black polyethylene mulch,
as well as black polyethylene mulch in cucumber cultivation compared to the other common mulching materials.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Mulching%20materials%20affect%20growth%20 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 153-159 p.[article] Mulching materials affect growth and yield characters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Malini) under drip irrigation condition in Chitwan, Nepal | A. Karki, B. Sapkota, P. Bist, K. Bista, J. P. Dutta, S. Marahatta, and B. Shrestha [printed text] / A. Karki, Author ; B. Sapkota, Author ; P. Bist, Author ; K. Bista, Author ; J. P. Dutta, Author ; S. Marahatta, Author ; Basanta Shrestha, Author . - 2020 . - 153-159 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 153-159 p.
Keywords: Growth, fruit yield, mulch Abstract: An experiment was done to evaluate the effect of mulching materials on growth and yield characters of cucumber (var:
Malini) under drip irrigation condition during February to May 2018 in Chitwan district, Nepal. The experiment was done
by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Accordingly, four different mulching materials, viz. silver on
black polyethylene mulch, black polyethylene mulch, rice straw mulch, and rice husk mulch were used as treatments. Each
treatment was replicated four times. Un-mulched plot served as control. Mulching improved growth and yield characters
of cucumber. Plant height and number of leaves were significantly higher (p was used. Similarly, highest number of male (69.50) and female (33.50) flowers per plant were recorded in silver on black
polyethylene mulch used. Male flowers were minimum (29.80) in rice husk mulch used treatment whereas female flowers
were minimum (10.30) in the control treatment. Sex ratio was the highest (3.43) in control and it was lowest (1.81) for
rice husk mulch used treatment. Number of fruit per plant was significantly higher (p polyethylene mulch treatment. Likewise, longest fruit length (18.42 cm) was measured in silver on black polyethylene mulch
treatment whereas shortest (15.24 cm) length was measured in control. Yield of silver on black polyethylene mulch and
black polyethylene mulch was almost three-folds and two-folds to that of the control, respectively. B: C ratio shows the use
of silver on black polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch economically more beneficial in cucumber production
with highest benefit. Findings of this experiment thus clearly suggest the benefit of using silver on black polyethylene mulch,
as well as black polyethylene mulch in cucumber cultivation compared to the other common mulching materials.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Mulching%20materials%20affect%20growth%20 [...]
Title : Effect of plant growth regulators on flowering and fruit yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Malini) in Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: B. Sapkota, Author ; M. Dhital, Author ; Basanta Shrestha, Author ; K. M. Tripathi, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 161-167 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Cucumber, Plant growth regulators, Flowering, Sex expression Abstract: An experiment was done at Rambagh, Chitwan during March to May 2018 with the objective to evaluate the effect of plant
growth regulators on growth, flowering and yield of cucumber (Cucumissativus.) cv. Malini. The experiment consisted of
nine treatments viz., control (no spray), silver nitrate 250 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic acid (GA3
) 300
ppm spray, napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 50 ppm spray, silver nitrate 500 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic
acid (GA3
) 500 ppm spry, and napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 100 ppm spray; each treatment was replicated thrice. Findings
revealed that use of plant growth regulators significantly affected growth, flowering and fruit yield of cucumber. The highest
plant height was measured for GA3
300 ppm spray whereas lowest plant height was measured for NAA 100 ppm spray.
Likewise, GA3 300 ppm spray had produced highest number of lateral branches. On the other hand, highest number of male
flower was recorded in control, but highest number of female flower was recorded for ethephon 250 ppm spray whereas it
was lowest for control (14.00). The highest and lowest fruit length was recorded if GA3 500 ppm and ethephon 250 ppm were
sprayed, respectively. Likewise, the highest fruit numbers per plant was recorded in GA3
300 ppm application whereas the
control had the lowest number of fruit produced. The highest fruit yield was produced from the application of GA3
300 ppm
(109.7 t/ha) while the lowest fruit yield was recorded in control (40.53 t/ha). The B: C ratio was high in GA3
300 ppm (4.37)
application as well. These results indicate the benefit of spraying GA3
300 ppm to have a better performance and fruit yield
of cucumber compared to the other treatments with varied concentrations of NAA and GA3
.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effect%20of%20plant%20growth%20regulators [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 161-167 p.[article] Effect of plant growth regulators on flowering and fruit yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Malini) in Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / B. Sapkota, Author ; M. Dhital, Author ; Basanta Shrestha, Author ; K. M. Tripathi, Author . - 2020 . - 161-167 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 161-167 p.
Keywords: Cucumber, Plant growth regulators, Flowering, Sex expression Abstract: An experiment was done at Rambagh, Chitwan during March to May 2018 with the objective to evaluate the effect of plant
growth regulators on growth, flowering and yield of cucumber (Cucumissativus.) cv. Malini. The experiment consisted of
nine treatments viz., control (no spray), silver nitrate 250 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic acid (GA3
) 300
ppm spray, napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 50 ppm spray, silver nitrate 500 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic
acid (GA3
) 500 ppm spry, and napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 100 ppm spray; each treatment was replicated thrice. Findings
revealed that use of plant growth regulators significantly affected growth, flowering and fruit yield of cucumber. The highest
plant height was measured for GA3
300 ppm spray whereas lowest plant height was measured for NAA 100 ppm spray.
Likewise, GA3 300 ppm spray had produced highest number of lateral branches. On the other hand, highest number of male
flower was recorded in control, but highest number of female flower was recorded for ethephon 250 ppm spray whereas it
was lowest for control (14.00). The highest and lowest fruit length was recorded if GA3 500 ppm and ethephon 250 ppm were
sprayed, respectively. Likewise, the highest fruit numbers per plant was recorded in GA3
300 ppm application whereas the
control had the lowest number of fruit produced. The highest fruit yield was produced from the application of GA3
300 ppm
(109.7 t/ha) while the lowest fruit yield was recorded in control (40.53 t/ha). The B: C ratio was high in GA3
300 ppm (4.37)
application as well. These results indicate the benefit of spraying GA3
300 ppm to have a better performance and fruit yield
of cucumber compared to the other treatments with varied concentrations of NAA and GA3
.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effect%20of%20plant%20growth%20regulators [...]
Title : Growth, yield and post harvest quality of late season varieties of cauliflower at Rampur, Chitwan Material Type: printed text Authors: H. N. Giri, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 169-175 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Cauliflower, curd maturity, late season, post-harvest Abstract: An experiment was done to evaluate eleven late season cauliflower varieties at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during November
2017 to March, 2018. All the tested varieties were introduced from USA, Europe, and India viz. Amazing, Artica, Freedom,
Ravella, Titan, Bishop, Casper, Indam 9803, and NS 106 while two varieties; Snowmystique and Snowball 16 were from
Nepal. The experiment was set by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with an arrangement of each
treatment replicated for four times. The main objective of this study was to identify the short duration late season varieties of
cauliflower to be adapted to high temperature condition during late winter. Parameters considered to evaluate the varieties
included- plant height, leaf length, canopy diameter, curd height, curd diameter, yield, along with postharvest parameters,
such as Total soluble solid (TSS), Titrable acidity (TA), pH, and Vitamin C content. Similarly, 50% curd initiation and curd
maturity of the cauliflower was also measured to find the crop growth period. The highest plant height, leaf length and canopy
diameter was mostly produced by Titan, Snow mystique, and NS 106 while the lowest plant height, leaf length and canopy
diameter was produced by Snowball 16 and Amazing. Similarly, significantly shorter period for 50% curd initiation of 68
days was observed in NS 106 and shorter period for 50% curd maturation of 78 days was recorded in Freedom compared to
the rest of the treatments. Significantly largest curd height and diameter was measured for NS 106. Similarly, significantly
higher curd yield of 52.3 t/ha was produced by Bishop, but it was statistically similar (p>0.05) to NS 106 (51.1 t/ha).
Likewise, significantly higher TSS of 5.4 ºBrix and Vitamin C content of 55 mg/100 g was produced by Snowball 16 and
Bishop, respectively. Thus, the probable varieties that could be considered best for late winter could be Bishop, NS 106,
Snowmystique, Artica, Freedom, Titan, and Amazing that may comparatively better adapt to the high temperature conditionLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Growth%2C%20yield%20and%20post%20harvest% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 169-175 p.[article] Growth, yield and post harvest quality of late season varieties of cauliflower at Rampur, Chitwan [printed text] / H. N. Giri, Author . - 2020 . - 169-175 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 169-175 p.
Keywords: Cauliflower, curd maturity, late season, post-harvest Abstract: An experiment was done to evaluate eleven late season cauliflower varieties at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during November
2017 to March, 2018. All the tested varieties were introduced from USA, Europe, and India viz. Amazing, Artica, Freedom,
Ravella, Titan, Bishop, Casper, Indam 9803, and NS 106 while two varieties; Snowmystique and Snowball 16 were from
Nepal. The experiment was set by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with an arrangement of each
treatment replicated for four times. The main objective of this study was to identify the short duration late season varieties of
cauliflower to be adapted to high temperature condition during late winter. Parameters considered to evaluate the varieties
included- plant height, leaf length, canopy diameter, curd height, curd diameter, yield, along with postharvest parameters,
such as Total soluble solid (TSS), Titrable acidity (TA), pH, and Vitamin C content. Similarly, 50% curd initiation and curd
maturity of the cauliflower was also measured to find the crop growth period. The highest plant height, leaf length and canopy
diameter was mostly produced by Titan, Snow mystique, and NS 106 while the lowest plant height, leaf length and canopy
diameter was produced by Snowball 16 and Amazing. Similarly, significantly shorter period for 50% curd initiation of 68
days was observed in NS 106 and shorter period for 50% curd maturation of 78 days was recorded in Freedom compared to
the rest of the treatments. Significantly largest curd height and diameter was measured for NS 106. Similarly, significantly
higher curd yield of 52.3 t/ha was produced by Bishop, but it was statistically similar (p>0.05) to NS 106 (51.1 t/ha).
Likewise, significantly higher TSS of 5.4 ºBrix and Vitamin C content of 55 mg/100 g was produced by Snowball 16 and
Bishop, respectively. Thus, the probable varieties that could be considered best for late winter could be Bishop, NS 106,
Snowmystique, Artica, Freedom, Titan, and Amazing that may comparatively better adapt to the high temperature conditionLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Growth%2C%20yield%20and%20post%20harvest% [...]
Title : Efficacy testing of ‘soft’ pesticides for cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis Doubleday) in cauliflower at Rampur, Chitwan Material Type: printed text Authors: H. N. Giri, Author ; M. D. Sharma, Author ; R.B Thapa, Author ; B. B. Khatri, Author ; K. R. Pandey, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 177-182 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Bio-pesticides, cabbage butterfly, cauliflower, Snow Mystique Abstract: Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis) is an important pest of cabbage, cauliflower, and many other crucifers.
Pesticide use is a popular method of pest management in small and large-scale vegetable farming in Nepal. These practices
are directly linked to human health, biodiversity, and the environment. There are various categories of pesticides available in
market, some are toxic, and some are ‘soft’ in nature. Chemical action of pesticides to the insect pest has been recommended
by efficacy testing. Accordingly this research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘soft’ chemicals against cabbage
butterfly management. Cauliflower cultivar ‘Snow Mystique’ was used for the field experiment established at Agriculture
and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur Chitwan during November 2017 to March 2018. Six common pesticides such as
Mahashakti (Bt. based), Neemix (Azadirachtin based), Spinosad (bacteria based), Liquid manure (mixture of botanical, cow
urine and other ingredients), Superkiller-10 (Cypermethrin based), and control (no use) were used in Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD), each with four replication. The study findings revealed that the highest number of larval populations
of cabbage butterfly as well as damaged plants, leaves, curds, and holes were recorded in control plot, and the lowest larval
population and damages were recorded in Cypermethrin and Spinosad treated plots. On the other hand, curd height was
significantly higher (13.9 cm) in liquid manure treated plot that was similar with Spinosad treated plots. There was no
significant difference in curd diameter (23.1 cm) and biological yield (79.6 t/ha) in Spinosad and Cypermethrin treated plots.
It is thus suggested that biological pesticide, such as Spinosad are superior in controlling pests of cauliflower than other tested
pesticides. These pesticides along with other soft pesticide are potentially safer for vegetable production. This information is
important to develop IPM protocol for cabbage butterfly management in crucifers.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Efficacy%20testing%20of%20%E2%80%98soft%E [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 177-182 p.[article] Efficacy testing of ‘soft’ pesticides for cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis Doubleday) in cauliflower at Rampur, Chitwan [printed text] / H. N. Giri, Author ; M. D. Sharma, Author ; R.B Thapa, Author ; B. B. Khatri, Author ; K. R. Pandey, Author . - 2020 . - 177-182 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 177-182 p.
Keywords: Bio-pesticides, cabbage butterfly, cauliflower, Snow Mystique Abstract: Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis) is an important pest of cabbage, cauliflower, and many other crucifers.
Pesticide use is a popular method of pest management in small and large-scale vegetable farming in Nepal. These practices
are directly linked to human health, biodiversity, and the environment. There are various categories of pesticides available in
market, some are toxic, and some are ‘soft’ in nature. Chemical action of pesticides to the insect pest has been recommended
by efficacy testing. Accordingly this research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘soft’ chemicals against cabbage
butterfly management. Cauliflower cultivar ‘Snow Mystique’ was used for the field experiment established at Agriculture
and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur Chitwan during November 2017 to March 2018. Six common pesticides such as
Mahashakti (Bt. based), Neemix (Azadirachtin based), Spinosad (bacteria based), Liquid manure (mixture of botanical, cow
urine and other ingredients), Superkiller-10 (Cypermethrin based), and control (no use) were used in Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD), each with four replication. The study findings revealed that the highest number of larval populations
of cabbage butterfly as well as damaged plants, leaves, curds, and holes were recorded in control plot, and the lowest larval
population and damages were recorded in Cypermethrin and Spinosad treated plots. On the other hand, curd height was
significantly higher (13.9 cm) in liquid manure treated plot that was similar with Spinosad treated plots. There was no
significant difference in curd diameter (23.1 cm) and biological yield (79.6 t/ha) in Spinosad and Cypermethrin treated plots.
It is thus suggested that biological pesticide, such as Spinosad are superior in controlling pests of cauliflower than other tested
pesticides. These pesticides along with other soft pesticide are potentially safer for vegetable production. This information is
important to develop IPM protocol for cabbage butterfly management in crucifers.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Efficacy%20testing%20of%20%E2%80%98soft%E [...]
Title : Forest land prone to more soil erosion than cultivated land in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: B. Oli, Author ; B. R. Khanal, Author ; C. P. Shrivastav, Author ; Lamichhane, Saurav, Author ; R. B. Ojha, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 183-195 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: ArcGIS, remote sensing, RUSLE, watershed Abstract: This study was done at Lothar-Pampha Watershed, located in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, inside the boundary of Rapti
Municipality covering 121.83 km2 (12183.12 ha). The main objective of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution
and the extent of soil erosion in the watershed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tool.
Annual average soil loss was estimated by using the Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE), RSdata using GIS platform,
taking spatial variation of each factors. Data on Rainfall erosivity (R), Soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS),
cover crops (C) and soil conservation practices (P) were calculated from laboratory analysis and also retrieved from Landsat
image. Soil sample were taken to determine the K factor from the 71 different areas inside the research boundary of Rapti
Municipality. Rainfall data of 21 years from 21 different nearby stations were taken from the Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology, Nepal (DHM). The soil erosion was categorized into seven classes as, extremely severe (>190 t ha-1 year-1),
very severe (100-190 t ha-1 year-1), severe (50-100 t ha-1 year-1), high (10-50 t ha-1 year-1), moderate (5-10 t ha-1 year-1), slightly
(2-5 t ha-1 year-1), and very slightly (0-2 t ha-1 year-1) that occurred in 0.0043 %, 0.0862 %,0.98 %,29.71 %,18.34 %,13.54
%, and 37.31 % of total area of Lothar-Pampha watershed, respectively. The total soil erosion estimated from the forest
area (70.11 %) was 89537.29 t year-1whereas from grasslands area (0.25 %) it was estimated as 81.03 t year-1, and from the
agricultural land (18.10 %) it was 1529.52 t year-1. The maximum erosion rate (275.36 t ha-1 year-1) was estimated in the forest
area followed by grasslands (22.19 t ha-1 year-1). Average soil erosion rate in settlement area was estimated as 0.27 t ha-1 year.
Likewise, 8.87 % of total erosion was estimated from the agricultural land. Forested land is seemingly contributing to more
soil erosion than agricultural land due to steep land topography, poor conservation program, deforestation, and unscientific
forest management practices which seek for scientific forest management plan including soil conservation measures such as
grass waterways, terracing, contouring, strip-cropping in Lothar-Pampha watershed of the Chure range.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Forest%20land%20prone%20to%20more%20soil% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 183-195 p.[article] Forest land prone to more soil erosion than cultivated land in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / B. Oli, Author ; B. R. Khanal, Author ; C. P. Shrivastav, Author ; Lamichhane, Saurav, Author ; R. B. Ojha, Author . - 2020 . - 183-195 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 183-195 p.
Keywords: ArcGIS, remote sensing, RUSLE, watershed Abstract: This study was done at Lothar-Pampha Watershed, located in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, inside the boundary of Rapti
Municipality covering 121.83 km2 (12183.12 ha). The main objective of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution
and the extent of soil erosion in the watershed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tool.
Annual average soil loss was estimated by using the Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE), RSdata using GIS platform,
taking spatial variation of each factors. Data on Rainfall erosivity (R), Soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS),
cover crops (C) and soil conservation practices (P) were calculated from laboratory analysis and also retrieved from Landsat
image. Soil sample were taken to determine the K factor from the 71 different areas inside the research boundary of Rapti
Municipality. Rainfall data of 21 years from 21 different nearby stations were taken from the Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology, Nepal (DHM). The soil erosion was categorized into seven classes as, extremely severe (>190 t ha-1 year-1),
very severe (100-190 t ha-1 year-1), severe (50-100 t ha-1 year-1), high (10-50 t ha-1 year-1), moderate (5-10 t ha-1 year-1), slightly
(2-5 t ha-1 year-1), and very slightly (0-2 t ha-1 year-1) that occurred in 0.0043 %, 0.0862 %,0.98 %,29.71 %,18.34 %,13.54
%, and 37.31 % of total area of Lothar-Pampha watershed, respectively. The total soil erosion estimated from the forest
area (70.11 %) was 89537.29 t year-1whereas from grasslands area (0.25 %) it was estimated as 81.03 t year-1, and from the
agricultural land (18.10 %) it was 1529.52 t year-1. The maximum erosion rate (275.36 t ha-1 year-1) was estimated in the forest
area followed by grasslands (22.19 t ha-1 year-1). Average soil erosion rate in settlement area was estimated as 0.27 t ha-1 year.
Likewise, 8.87 % of total erosion was estimated from the agricultural land. Forested land is seemingly contributing to more
soil erosion than agricultural land due to steep land topography, poor conservation program, deforestation, and unscientific
forest management practices which seek for scientific forest management plan including soil conservation measures such as
grass waterways, terracing, contouring, strip-cropping in Lothar-Pampha watershed of the Chure range.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Forest%20land%20prone%20to%20more%20soil% [...]
Title : Agroforestry systems: Biodiversity, carbon stocks and contribution to rural livelihood Material Type: printed text Authors: Parmod Ghimire, Author ; S. Bolakhe, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 197-205 Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Biomass, conservation, diversity, livelihood Abstract: Agroforestry is an integrated land use system that can directly enhance agro-biodiversity and contribute to the conservation
of landscape biodiversity, and also to the rural livelihoods.Considering this fact, a study was done in Bhimphedi Rural
Municipality of Makawanpur district to assess farm tree diversity, carbon stock, and their contribution to the rural livelihood.
The inventory for estimating above and below ground biomass of the farm trees was done using stratified random sampling.
Forest biomass was analyzed by using standard allometric models to estimate the carbon content. Shannon Wiener Diversity
Index was used to assess the farm tree diversity. A total of 66 households were randomly selected for socio-economic survey.
Direct field observation, key informant interview, structured questionnaire survey, and group discussions were performed to
assess the contribution of farm trees on rural livelihoods. The findings revealed three major agroforestry systems viz: silvipasture, home garden, and agri-silviculture systems were under practice in the study area. Silvi-pasture system was found
as a good agroforestry system in terms of having higher species richness, tree diversity, and relatively higher amount of
carbon stock per unit area (16.66 t/ha), followed by home garden (10.32 t/ha). The findings also revealed that agroforestry
systems contributed 24.06% (NRs. 7580 per household/year), and 20.25% (NRs. 5365 per household/year) to the income
from agriculture and livestock, respectively. Hence, it has been evident that agroforestry systems can be a potential strategy
to conserve biodiversity and to improve the livelihoods of local people with the greater contribution of silvi-pasture system
in an integrated tree-livestock dominating farming system of the rural areas in NepalLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Agroforestry%20systems%20Biodiversity%2C% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 197-205[article] Agroforestry systems: Biodiversity, carbon stocks and contribution to rural livelihood [printed text] / Parmod Ghimire, Author ; S. Bolakhe, Author . - 2020 . - 197-205.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 197-205
Keywords: Biomass, conservation, diversity, livelihood Abstract: Agroforestry is an integrated land use system that can directly enhance agro-biodiversity and contribute to the conservation
of landscape biodiversity, and also to the rural livelihoods.Considering this fact, a study was done in Bhimphedi Rural
Municipality of Makawanpur district to assess farm tree diversity, carbon stock, and their contribution to the rural livelihood.
The inventory for estimating above and below ground biomass of the farm trees was done using stratified random sampling.
Forest biomass was analyzed by using standard allometric models to estimate the carbon content. Shannon Wiener Diversity
Index was used to assess the farm tree diversity. A total of 66 households were randomly selected for socio-economic survey.
Direct field observation, key informant interview, structured questionnaire survey, and group discussions were performed to
assess the contribution of farm trees on rural livelihoods. The findings revealed three major agroforestry systems viz: silvipasture, home garden, and agri-silviculture systems were under practice in the study area. Silvi-pasture system was found
as a good agroforestry system in terms of having higher species richness, tree diversity, and relatively higher amount of
carbon stock per unit area (16.66 t/ha), followed by home garden (10.32 t/ha). The findings also revealed that agroforestry
systems contributed 24.06% (NRs. 7580 per household/year), and 20.25% (NRs. 5365 per household/year) to the income
from agriculture and livestock, respectively. Hence, it has been evident that agroforestry systems can be a potential strategy
to conserve biodiversity and to improve the livelihoods of local people with the greater contribution of silvi-pasture system
in an integrated tree-livestock dominating farming system of the rural areas in NepalLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Agroforestry%20systems%20Biodiversity%2C% [...]
Title : GIS based approach in land suitability analysis of Lokta (Daphnee bholua) | S. Tripathi, H. Adhikari, and S. Ghimire Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Tripathi, Author ; Hari Adhikari, Author ; S. Ghimire, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 207-216 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Land resource, optimum utilization, MCA and AHP Abstract: Land suitability analysis is a pre-requisite in achieving optimum utilization of the available land resources. The main objective
of this study was to develop a suitability map for lokta based on topographic, soil, land-use, land cover, and climatic factors
of production using a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) & GIS approach. The study was carried out in Suspa Community
Forest of Dolakha district. Biophysical variables of soil, climate, topography, and land use land cover (LULC) and water
availability were considered as variable influencing for the study suitability classes. For MCE, Pairwise Comparison Matrix
was applied and the suitable areas for lokta crop were generated and graduated. Finally, the land cover map was overlaid
with the suitability map to identify variances between the present land cover. The crop-land evaluation results of this study
showed that out of total 625 hectare area, 9% was under highly suitable, 22% were moderately suitable, 36% of the land
was marginally suitable, and 33% were currently and permanently also not suitable. Also the suitable classes were overlaid
over present land use and land class. It was found that 100% of the highly suitable land was under forest land of land use and
hardwood of land cover. Thus findings of this research provided information at local level that could be useful in determining
suitability status of desired speciesLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/GIS%20based%20approach%20in%20land%20suit [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 207-216 p.[article] GIS based approach in land suitability analysis of Lokta (Daphnee bholua) | S. Tripathi, H. Adhikari, and S. Ghimire [printed text] / S. Tripathi, Author ; Hari Adhikari, Author ; S. Ghimire, Author . - 2020 . - 207-216 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 207-216 p.
Keywords: Land resource, optimum utilization, MCA and AHP Abstract: Land suitability analysis is a pre-requisite in achieving optimum utilization of the available land resources. The main objective
of this study was to develop a suitability map for lokta based on topographic, soil, land-use, land cover, and climatic factors
of production using a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) & GIS approach. The study was carried out in Suspa Community
Forest of Dolakha district. Biophysical variables of soil, climate, topography, and land use land cover (LULC) and water
availability were considered as variable influencing for the study suitability classes. For MCE, Pairwise Comparison Matrix
was applied and the suitable areas for lokta crop were generated and graduated. Finally, the land cover map was overlaid
with the suitability map to identify variances between the present land cover. The crop-land evaluation results of this study
showed that out of total 625 hectare area, 9% was under highly suitable, 22% were moderately suitable, 36% of the land
was marginally suitable, and 33% were currently and permanently also not suitable. Also the suitable classes were overlaid
over present land use and land class. It was found that 100% of the highly suitable land was under forest land of land use and
hardwood of land cover. Thus findings of this research provided information at local level that could be useful in determining
suitability status of desired speciesLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/GIS%20based%20approach%20in%20land%20suit [...]
Title : Detection of Mycobacterium avium sub sp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by PCR in the faeces of dairy cattle of Chitwan, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Singh, Author ; I. P. Dhakal, Author ; U. M. Singh, Author ; B. Devkota, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 217-224 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Johne's disease, Diagnosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Faecal culture, fPCR,Nepal. Abstract: Johne's disease or Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic granulomatous enteritis with
decrease in production resulting huge economic losses with high negative impact on the livestock industry. Diagnosis of
MAP is difficult due to lack of characteristics clinical signs, prolong incubation period in cultivation of MAP, and nonspecific results in diagnostic tests. To the best of our knowledge there is no report on faecal culture and molecular detection of
MAP in dairy cattle of Nepal. The main objective of this research was to access the herd level prevalence of Johne’s disease
in the representative dairy farms of Chitwan district with the use of modern techniques as faecal polymerase chain reaction
(fPCR) to know the MAP distribution in dairy cattle. A total of 265 individual dairy cattle faeces sample were collected
during February 2017 to January 2018 from dairy farms of three different geographical location of Chitwan district, Nepal.
Faeces were decontaminated and subjected for faecal culture as well as fPCR to have molecular detection of MAP. Findings
revealed that bio-load of MAP in dairy cattle were 13.57% by faecal culture, and 16.59% by fPCR detection method. The
overall prevalence of MAP in dairy cattle was detected as 16.59 % by fPCR. Likewise, IS900 PCR assay proved to be a more
sensitive and reliable test than faecal culture for the detection of MAP in faecal sample of clinically suspected dairy cattle
as the PCR assay was able to detect significantly (p suggests that IS900-PCR-based detection of MAP could be used as a potential diagnostic tool for rapid and effective Johne’s
disease (JD) surveillance as compared with faecal culture detection method due to its advantage for JD control programs by
reducing the time of definitive diagnosis from several months to a few days. This is the first molecular level of diagnostic
research performed and reporting of MAP in dairy cattle of Nepal. These results will be useful in designing suitable disease
control strategy for livestock industry.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Detection%20of%20Mycobacterium%20avium%20 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 217-224 p.[article] Detection of Mycobacterium avium sub sp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by PCR in the faeces of dairy cattle of Chitwan, Nepal [printed text] / S. Singh, Author ; I. P. Dhakal, Author ; U. M. Singh, Author ; B. Devkota, Author . - 2020 . - 217-224 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 217-224 p.
Keywords: Johne's disease, Diagnosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Faecal culture, fPCR,Nepal. Abstract: Johne's disease or Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic granulomatous enteritis with
decrease in production resulting huge economic losses with high negative impact on the livestock industry. Diagnosis of
MAP is difficult due to lack of characteristics clinical signs, prolong incubation period in cultivation of MAP, and nonspecific results in diagnostic tests. To the best of our knowledge there is no report on faecal culture and molecular detection of
MAP in dairy cattle of Nepal. The main objective of this research was to access the herd level prevalence of Johne’s disease
in the representative dairy farms of Chitwan district with the use of modern techniques as faecal polymerase chain reaction
(fPCR) to know the MAP distribution in dairy cattle. A total of 265 individual dairy cattle faeces sample were collected
during February 2017 to January 2018 from dairy farms of three different geographical location of Chitwan district, Nepal.
Faeces were decontaminated and subjected for faecal culture as well as fPCR to have molecular detection of MAP. Findings
revealed that bio-load of MAP in dairy cattle were 13.57% by faecal culture, and 16.59% by fPCR detection method. The
overall prevalence of MAP in dairy cattle was detected as 16.59 % by fPCR. Likewise, IS900 PCR assay proved to be a more
sensitive and reliable test than faecal culture for the detection of MAP in faecal sample of clinically suspected dairy cattle
as the PCR assay was able to detect significantly (p suggests that IS900-PCR-based detection of MAP could be used as a potential diagnostic tool for rapid and effective Johne’s
disease (JD) surveillance as compared with faecal culture detection method due to its advantage for JD control programs by
reducing the time of definitive diagnosis from several months to a few days. This is the first molecular level of diagnostic
research performed and reporting of MAP in dairy cattle of Nepal. These results will be useful in designing suitable disease
control strategy for livestock industry.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Detection%20of%20Mycobacterium%20avium%20 [...]
Title : Current practices of Nepalese veterinarians for the clinical management of pain in animals Material Type: printed text Authors: S. Shrestha, Author ; M. K. Shah, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 225-230 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Analgesic, assessment, surgery, animal birth control Abstract: The retrospective study was performed to know the trend of recent clinical practices for managing the post-surgical and nonsurgical pain in animals. The study included government hospitals, private clinics, organizations working on animal birth
control program of Chitwan, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Kaski districts of Nepal. Overall, 1,177 and 1,084 animals received
analgesics in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Categorically, 81% of cases underwent for soft tissue surgeries, and analgesics
were prescribed variably for 1–5 days. However, 5% and 1% were orthopedic and ophthalmic cases that were treated with
analgesics for 1–8 days. Remaining, 13% cases that were grouped into miscellaneous type received analgesics for 1–7 days
For analgesia, meloxicam was the most preferred non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (98%) followed by tramadol (9%),
and lignocaine-HCl (8%). Tramadol (9%) and lignocaine-HCl (8%) were prescribed particularly in severely traumatized
cases whereas ketorolac (5%) were used in orthopedic cases. Only 18% veterinary patients received preemptive analgesics.
Most of the hospitals, clinics and organizations did not perform pain scoring. Proper pain assessment and their scoring are
imperative for prescribing the right analgesic for the effective treatment of pain in animals.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Current%20practices%20of%20Nepalese%20vet [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 225-230 p.[article] Current practices of Nepalese veterinarians for the clinical management of pain in animals [printed text] / S. Shrestha, Author ; M. K. Shah, Author . - 2020 . - 225-230 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 225-230 p.
Keywords: Analgesic, assessment, surgery, animal birth control Abstract: The retrospective study was performed to know the trend of recent clinical practices for managing the post-surgical and nonsurgical pain in animals. The study included government hospitals, private clinics, organizations working on animal birth
control program of Chitwan, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Kaski districts of Nepal. Overall, 1,177 and 1,084 animals received
analgesics in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Categorically, 81% of cases underwent for soft tissue surgeries, and analgesics
were prescribed variably for 1–5 days. However, 5% and 1% were orthopedic and ophthalmic cases that were treated with
analgesics for 1–8 days. Remaining, 13% cases that were grouped into miscellaneous type received analgesics for 1–7 days
For analgesia, meloxicam was the most preferred non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (98%) followed by tramadol (9%),
and lignocaine-HCl (8%). Tramadol (9%) and lignocaine-HCl (8%) were prescribed particularly in severely traumatized
cases whereas ketorolac (5%) were used in orthopedic cases. Only 18% veterinary patients received preemptive analgesics.
Most of the hospitals, clinics and organizations did not perform pain scoring. Proper pain assessment and their scoring are
imperative for prescribing the right analgesic for the effective treatment of pain in animals.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Current%20practices%20of%20Nepalese%20vet [...]
Title : Anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of "sikari laharo" (Periploca calophylla) Material Type: printed text Authors: J. Adhikari, Author ; S. Thapaliya, Author ; S. Singh, Author ; M. K. Shah, Author ; Nirmal Paudyal, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 231-242 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Periploca calophylla, phyto-extract, inflammation, and animal model. Abstract: Inflammation, orchestrated in a series of cardinal signs is a pathophysiological condition that occurs during various clinical
presentations. Periploca calophylla is a herbal plant which is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent for a myriad
of malaises in Nepalese countryside. The scientific research on the anti-inflammatory property of this plant is scanty, and if
available elsewhere, its properties are not proven scientifically, except sporadic empirical evidence reported by the traditional
faith healers. The main objective of this research was to establish a proof of concept on the anti-inflammatory property of P.
calophylla based on the results obtained from a scientific experiment. Accordingly, Adult albino mice animal model was used
for in vivo assessment of its property. Three different doses of 80% methanolic extract of the vine of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/
kg, 2 mg/kg, and 2.5 mg/kg) were administered intra-peritoneally to the animals of the test groups. Indomethacin (25 mg/
kg) and distilled water (3 mL/kg) were used as positive and negative controls, via the same route of administration. The antiinflammatory property was evaluated by the Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model test, fresh egg albumin induced
paw oedema test, formalin-induced paw oedema test, and haematology. Extract of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/kg) significantly
(p indicated that the phyto-extract of P. calophylla possessed a significant amount of anti-inflammatory property. This justifies
the empirical and traditional use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory agent. Isolation of the particular compound related to
this property needs further experimentation and scientific investigatioLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Anti-inflammatory%20properties%20of%20met [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 231-242 p.[article] Anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of "sikari laharo" (Periploca calophylla) [printed text] / J. Adhikari, Author ; S. Thapaliya, Author ; S. Singh, Author ; M. K. Shah, Author ; Nirmal Paudyal, Author . - 2020 . - 231-242 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 231-242 p.
Keywords: Periploca calophylla, phyto-extract, inflammation, and animal model. Abstract: Inflammation, orchestrated in a series of cardinal signs is a pathophysiological condition that occurs during various clinical
presentations. Periploca calophylla is a herbal plant which is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent for a myriad
of malaises in Nepalese countryside. The scientific research on the anti-inflammatory property of this plant is scanty, and if
available elsewhere, its properties are not proven scientifically, except sporadic empirical evidence reported by the traditional
faith healers. The main objective of this research was to establish a proof of concept on the anti-inflammatory property of P.
calophylla based on the results obtained from a scientific experiment. Accordingly, Adult albino mice animal model was used
for in vivo assessment of its property. Three different doses of 80% methanolic extract of the vine of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/
kg, 2 mg/kg, and 2.5 mg/kg) were administered intra-peritoneally to the animals of the test groups. Indomethacin (25 mg/
kg) and distilled water (3 mL/kg) were used as positive and negative controls, via the same route of administration. The antiinflammatory property was evaluated by the Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model test, fresh egg albumin induced
paw oedema test, formalin-induced paw oedema test, and haematology. Extract of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/kg) significantly
(p indicated that the phyto-extract of P. calophylla possessed a significant amount of anti-inflammatory property. This justifies
the empirical and traditional use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory agent. Isolation of the particular compound related to
this property needs further experimentation and scientific investigatioLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Anti-inflammatory%20properties%20of%20met [...]
Title : Protein deficiency – a challenge to livestock productivity enhancement in Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. B. Singh, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 243-254 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Livestock Units, feed balance, ecological belts, province and land leasing Abstract: An assessment was made in 2019 to determine the crude protein (CP) supply situation for the livestock in Nepal. The land
resources were assessed by utilizing the land use data generated by ICIMOD in 2010. The Land Resource Mapping Project
(LRMP) (1986) remained the main source of data to estimate the CP supplies from these land resources (forests, shrub lands,
grasslands, croplands, including weeds, and barren lands), plus kitchen wastes as animal feeds. Crop data of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) (2016/17) were utilized to estimate the CP supply from crop residues and
milling by-products and the livestock data to estimate livestock feed requirements. The study findings revealed that there is
critical shortage of CP in the livestock feeds across the eco-zones and across the provinces, with an overall deficit of 52.8%.
The shortage reached about 60% in Province One and Three. The deficit in other provinces ranged from 37.6% to 52.6%.
These deficits are mainly associated with the dependency of livestock production system on crop residues and low quality
roughages. It is recommended that the future livestock development strategy focuses at encouraging farmers to replace
the use of straws and stovers with improved forage or pasture and tree fodders. Likewise promotion of commercial silage
production and development of productive partnerships with the feed millers for adequate production and supply of major
imported poultry feed ingredients such as yellow maize and soybean are also important to considerLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Protein%20deficiency%20%E2%80%93%20a%20ch [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 243-254 p.[article] Protein deficiency – a challenge to livestock productivity enhancement in Nepal [printed text] / S. B. Singh, Author . - 2020 . - 243-254 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 243-254 p.
Keywords: Livestock Units, feed balance, ecological belts, province and land leasing Abstract: An assessment was made in 2019 to determine the crude protein (CP) supply situation for the livestock in Nepal. The land
resources were assessed by utilizing the land use data generated by ICIMOD in 2010. The Land Resource Mapping Project
(LRMP) (1986) remained the main source of data to estimate the CP supplies from these land resources (forests, shrub lands,
grasslands, croplands, including weeds, and barren lands), plus kitchen wastes as animal feeds. Crop data of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) (2016/17) were utilized to estimate the CP supply from crop residues and
milling by-products and the livestock data to estimate livestock feed requirements. The study findings revealed that there is
critical shortage of CP in the livestock feeds across the eco-zones and across the provinces, with an overall deficit of 52.8%.
The shortage reached about 60% in Province One and Three. The deficit in other provinces ranged from 37.6% to 52.6%.
These deficits are mainly associated with the dependency of livestock production system on crop residues and low quality
roughages. It is recommended that the future livestock development strategy focuses at encouraging farmers to replace
the use of straws and stovers with improved forage or pasture and tree fodders. Likewise promotion of commercial silage
production and development of productive partnerships with the feed millers for adequate production and supply of major
imported poultry feed ingredients such as yellow maize and soybean are also important to considerLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Protein%20deficiency%20%E2%80%93%20a%20ch [...]
Title : Different seed rates of forage maize with a fixed stand of cowpea affects proximate composition of both species Material Type: printed text Authors: S.R. Barsila, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 255-259 np. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Harvesting, Intercropping, Maize-Cowpea, chemical composition Abstract: Mixed cultivation of fodder maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is popular due to their fast-growing, high
biomass yielding, high palatable, and mutualistic growing behavior. Evaluation of status of chemical composition of these
mixed stands grown with different seed rates of maize, but with a fixed stand of cowpea would suggest the best period of
forage harvesting and also the appropriate seed rate. Accordingly an experiment was done by following standard agronomic
practices to grow maize-cowpea at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur, Nepal during May to September
2016. The experiment was done by using randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 4 treatments, T1
(40kg/
ha maize seed), T2
(50kg/ha maize seed), T3
(30kg/ha maize seed) and T4
(40kg/ha maize seed + weeding) along with 20
kg/ha of cowpea seed for each treatment, and 5 replications, under a similar rate of chemical fertilizer. Samples were tested
for proximate analysis at Animal Nutrition laboratory of AFU. A highly significant result was obtained among different
treatments for crude fibre, crude protein, and ash content while ether extract content was statistically similar among the
treatments in both the harvests. Maximum ash (10.94%) and crude fibre (31.24%) content were obtained in T1
on maize
stem, and higher crude protein (CP) (28.09%) content was obtained in T3
on cowpea that was similar with T2
on cowpea
for CP content at 45 days after sowing. At 75 days after sowing, higher crude fibre (CF) (35.87%) content was obtained for
treatment T4 on maize stem. Research results suggested that harvesting of maize is suitable at 45 days after sowing (DAS) if
higher ash and crude fibre requirement for balanced feed is expected to meet by using 40 kg seed rate of maize/ha whereas
harvesting of cowpea at 75 DAS would be more appropriate if highest crude protein content is expected to harvest, but it
would be possible to attain at the cost of higher crude fiber content. Nevertheless results clearly indicated that inclusion of
fodder cowpea as a legume component in a fodder stand, such as maize could be helpful for a persistent nutritive value during
later stage of harvesting.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Different%20seed%20rates%20of%20forage%20 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 255-259 np.[article] Different seed rates of forage maize with a fixed stand of cowpea affects proximate composition of both species [printed text] / S.R. Barsila, Author . - 2020 . - 255-259 np.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 255-259 np.
Keywords: Harvesting, Intercropping, Maize-Cowpea, chemical composition Abstract: Mixed cultivation of fodder maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is popular due to their fast-growing, high
biomass yielding, high palatable, and mutualistic growing behavior. Evaluation of status of chemical composition of these
mixed stands grown with different seed rates of maize, but with a fixed stand of cowpea would suggest the best period of
forage harvesting and also the appropriate seed rate. Accordingly an experiment was done by following standard agronomic
practices to grow maize-cowpea at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur, Nepal during May to September
2016. The experiment was done by using randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 4 treatments, T1
(40kg/
ha maize seed), T2
(50kg/ha maize seed), T3
(30kg/ha maize seed) and T4
(40kg/ha maize seed + weeding) along with 20
kg/ha of cowpea seed for each treatment, and 5 replications, under a similar rate of chemical fertilizer. Samples were tested
for proximate analysis at Animal Nutrition laboratory of AFU. A highly significant result was obtained among different
treatments for crude fibre, crude protein, and ash content while ether extract content was statistically similar among the
treatments in both the harvests. Maximum ash (10.94%) and crude fibre (31.24%) content were obtained in T1
on maize
stem, and higher crude protein (CP) (28.09%) content was obtained in T3
on cowpea that was similar with T2
on cowpea
for CP content at 45 days after sowing. At 75 days after sowing, higher crude fibre (CF) (35.87%) content was obtained for
treatment T4 on maize stem. Research results suggested that harvesting of maize is suitable at 45 days after sowing (DAS) if
higher ash and crude fibre requirement for balanced feed is expected to meet by using 40 kg seed rate of maize/ha whereas
harvesting of cowpea at 75 DAS would be more appropriate if highest crude protein content is expected to harvest, but it
would be possible to attain at the cost of higher crude fiber content. Nevertheless results clearly indicated that inclusion of
fodder cowpea as a legume component in a fodder stand, such as maize could be helpful for a persistent nutritive value during
later stage of harvesting.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Different%20seed%20rates%20of%20forage%20 [...]
Title : Growth comparison of piglets fed with different level of bakery waste in basal diet Material Type: printed text Authors: M. R. Tiwari, Author ; H. R. Dhakal, Author ; M. Sah Sudi, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 261-267 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Pig, feeding, feed intake, body weight gain, Nepal Abstract: An experiment was done on weaned piglets at Piggery Research Unit of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara,
Sunsari, NARC, during 6 January 2019 to 5 May 2019 for 120 days after adjustment period of seven days. Twenty piglets,
after weaning at 4-6 months of age were allocated into four treatments, each with 5 replications by using Completely
Randomized Design. Four types of diets were used as treatments. Bakery waste was not incorporated in the control group
diet (T1) whereas in the diet of T2, T3 and T4 maize as an ingredient was replaced by 25, 50 and 75% with bakery waste,
respectively. Concentrate mixture was provided in adlib amount twice a day and refusal was measured in next morning
while body weight gain was measured at 15 days interval. The findings revealed that highest total body weight gain was
observed when maize was replaced by bakery waste (50%) (T3).But the total body weight gain was statistically similar
(p>0.05) among the treatments group. The average daily gain was also highest when maize as an ingredient was replaced
by bakery waste 50% (T3) with the gain of 325 g/day. Total feed intake during experimental period was highest for the
same treatment. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of entire (120 days) experimental period was also statically similar (p>0.05)
for all treatments (1kg body weight: 2kg feed). The findings thus suggested that replacement of maize as an ingredient by
bakery waste in piglet diet could be beneficial if it is replaced by 50% compared to 25% or 75% inclusion.Further in depth
research is required to assess the effectiveness of replacing maize and other important ingredients with bakery waste before
recommending this practice to the piglet growers.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Growth%20comparison%20of%20piglets%20fed% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 261-267 p.[article] Growth comparison of piglets fed with different level of bakery waste in basal diet [printed text] / M. R. Tiwari, Author ; H. R. Dhakal, Author ; M. Sah Sudi, Author . - 2020 . - 261-267 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 261-267 p.
Keywords: Pig, feeding, feed intake, body weight gain, Nepal Abstract: An experiment was done on weaned piglets at Piggery Research Unit of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara,
Sunsari, NARC, during 6 January 2019 to 5 May 2019 for 120 days after adjustment period of seven days. Twenty piglets,
after weaning at 4-6 months of age were allocated into four treatments, each with 5 replications by using Completely
Randomized Design. Four types of diets were used as treatments. Bakery waste was not incorporated in the control group
diet (T1) whereas in the diet of T2, T3 and T4 maize as an ingredient was replaced by 25, 50 and 75% with bakery waste,
respectively. Concentrate mixture was provided in adlib amount twice a day and refusal was measured in next morning
while body weight gain was measured at 15 days interval. The findings revealed that highest total body weight gain was
observed when maize was replaced by bakery waste (50%) (T3).But the total body weight gain was statistically similar
(p>0.05) among the treatments group. The average daily gain was also highest when maize as an ingredient was replaced
by bakery waste 50% (T3) with the gain of 325 g/day. Total feed intake during experimental period was highest for the
same treatment. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of entire (120 days) experimental period was also statically similar (p>0.05)
for all treatments (1kg body weight: 2kg feed). The findings thus suggested that replacement of maize as an ingredient by
bakery waste in piglet diet could be beneficial if it is replaced by 50% compared to 25% or 75% inclusion.Further in depth
research is required to assess the effectiveness of replacing maize and other important ingredients with bakery waste before
recommending this practice to the piglet growers.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Growth%20comparison%20of%20piglets%20fed% [...]
Title : Maximizing fodder yield of teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) through sowing dates and mixed fodder cropping management Material Type: printed text Authors: B. Khanal, Author ; N. R. Devkota, Author ; M. R. Tiwari, Author ; N. A. Gorkhali, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 269-278 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: teosinte, cowpea, fodder legume, herbage mass, sowing dates Abstract: Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) is one of the most popular summer growing cereal fodder, rich in energy, dry matter (DM) and
other nutrients, yet productivity of this fodder in Nepal has not been achieved as expected due to several important factors
including cultivation management and sowing dates. An experiment was done during April to August 2018 at Directorate
of Agricultural Research, NARC, Province-5, Khajura, Banke by using Split Plot design with the objective to identify the
appropriate sowing dates in relation to possible combination of local fodder legumes with teosinte. It was expected that best
possible combination of fodder legumes with teosinte would increase both herbage mass as well as quality aspects through
increased productivity. Accordingly main plot treatments were sowing dates (April 18, May 3, and May 18) and sub-plot
treatments were set as combination of fodder cowpea, lablab bean, and rice bean, each with teosinte, and sowing of teosinte
as sole crop. Findings revealed that plant height, leaf length, tiller density of teosinte, and number of branches and trifoliate
leaves of fodder legumes had contributed significantly to the cumulative herbage mass. Significantly highest green herbage
and dry herbage mass (p sowing. The combination of teosinte and cowpea had yielded significantly higher herbage mass (p others fodder species combinations. Preliminary findings of this research thus indicate the possibility of promoting mixed
cultivation of teosinte with fodder cowpea in order to increase both herbage mass and quality.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Maximizing%20fodder%20yield%20of%20teosin [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 269-278 p.[article] Maximizing fodder yield of teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) through sowing dates and mixed fodder cropping management [printed text] / B. Khanal, Author ; N. R. Devkota, Author ; M. R. Tiwari, Author ; N. A. Gorkhali, Author . - 2020 . - 269-278 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 269-278 p.
Keywords: teosinte, cowpea, fodder legume, herbage mass, sowing dates Abstract: Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) is one of the most popular summer growing cereal fodder, rich in energy, dry matter (DM) and
other nutrients, yet productivity of this fodder in Nepal has not been achieved as expected due to several important factors
including cultivation management and sowing dates. An experiment was done during April to August 2018 at Directorate
of Agricultural Research, NARC, Province-5, Khajura, Banke by using Split Plot design with the objective to identify the
appropriate sowing dates in relation to possible combination of local fodder legumes with teosinte. It was expected that best
possible combination of fodder legumes with teosinte would increase both herbage mass as well as quality aspects through
increased productivity. Accordingly main plot treatments were sowing dates (April 18, May 3, and May 18) and sub-plot
treatments were set as combination of fodder cowpea, lablab bean, and rice bean, each with teosinte, and sowing of teosinte
as sole crop. Findings revealed that plant height, leaf length, tiller density of teosinte, and number of branches and trifoliate
leaves of fodder legumes had contributed significantly to the cumulative herbage mass. Significantly highest green herbage
and dry herbage mass (p sowing. The combination of teosinte and cowpea had yielded significantly higher herbage mass (p others fodder species combinations. Preliminary findings of this research thus indicate the possibility of promoting mixed
cultivation of teosinte with fodder cowpea in order to increase both herbage mass and quality.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Maximizing%20fodder%20yield%20of%20teosin [...]
Title : Seasonal variation in milk yield, fat and SNF content of Murrah crossbred buffalo in mid-western Terai region of Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: N. Bhattarai, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 279-284 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Murrah, seasonal variation, Fat, SNF, genetic parameters Abstract: A research was done during July 2016 to June 2017 for a period of one year at Baijanath Rural Municipality, Banke district
of mid-western terai region of Nepal to analyze the seasonal variation in average daily milk yield (DMY), standard 305
days milk yield (SMY), fat percent and solid-not-fat (SNF) percent in the milk of crossbred Murrah buffaloes. A total of
1086 milk sample was purposively collected from 235 lactating crossbred Murrah buffaloes of early (first and second) parity
and were analyzed for major quality traits of milk covering four seasons- spring (February to April), summer (May to July),
autumn (August to October), and winter (November to January). Results revealed that season had significant influence on
DMY (p DMY and SMY was recorded for the buffaloes calved in spring season with highest fat and SNF content during summer and
spring season, respectively. Thus, results of this study reflected a scientific fact about wider variation in milk yield, fat and
SNF contents in Murrah buffaloes with the significant effect of season. This information could be useful in recognizing the
importance of synchronizing calving dates during spring season for higher production and productivity in order to maintain
the quality aspects of milk, such as fat and SNF content. Further investigation is, however, required regarding genetic
parameters determination of these traits covering wider population in the region.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Seasonal%20variation%20in%20milk%20yield% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 279-284 p.[article] Seasonal variation in milk yield, fat and SNF content of Murrah crossbred buffalo in mid-western Terai region of Nepal [printed text] / N. Bhattarai, Author . - 2020 . - 279-284 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 279-284 p.
Keywords: Murrah, seasonal variation, Fat, SNF, genetic parameters Abstract: A research was done during July 2016 to June 2017 for a period of one year at Baijanath Rural Municipality, Banke district
of mid-western terai region of Nepal to analyze the seasonal variation in average daily milk yield (DMY), standard 305
days milk yield (SMY), fat percent and solid-not-fat (SNF) percent in the milk of crossbred Murrah buffaloes. A total of
1086 milk sample was purposively collected from 235 lactating crossbred Murrah buffaloes of early (first and second) parity
and were analyzed for major quality traits of milk covering four seasons- spring (February to April), summer (May to July),
autumn (August to October), and winter (November to January). Results revealed that season had significant influence on
DMY (p DMY and SMY was recorded for the buffaloes calved in spring season with highest fat and SNF content during summer and
spring season, respectively. Thus, results of this study reflected a scientific fact about wider variation in milk yield, fat and
SNF contents in Murrah buffaloes with the significant effect of season. This information could be useful in recognizing the
importance of synchronizing calving dates during spring season for higher production and productivity in order to maintain
the quality aspects of milk, such as fat and SNF content. Further investigation is, however, required regarding genetic
parameters determination of these traits covering wider population in the region.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Seasonal%20variation%20in%20milk%20yield% [...]
Title : Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus Material Type: printed text Authors: A. Ayeloja, Author ; W. A. Jimoh, Author ; M. O. Shittu, Author ; B. O. Batatunde, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 285-288 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, frozen storage, hybrid Heteroclarias, microbial load, and Oreochromis niloticus Abstract: Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid Heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus was studied.
Fifty samples, each of Heteroclarias, C. gariepinus and O. niloticus with an average weight of 210 + 15g were collected at
a commercial fish farm in the study area after which they were processed and frozen at -180
C and microbial analyses were
done at 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after frozen storage. Data obtained were logarithmically transformed (log cfu/g) and then
subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 16.0 version. No significant (p>0.05) difference was found for total viable count
(TVC), total fungal count (TFC), total coliform count (TCC) and Klebsiella spp. count of the fish species studied during the
frozen period. The potential of freezing as a good fish preservation method was established as it inhibited microbial activities
thereby elongating fish shelf life. It was concluded that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus fish species can be
kept safe up to 56 days by freezing as the microbial loads did not change significantly during the period. Uncontrolled
discharge of effluents into the surrounding water bodies should also be checked to avoid contamination prior to fish harvest.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effect%20of%20frozen%20storage%20on%20mic [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 285-288 p.[article] Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus [printed text] / A. Ayeloja, Author ; W. A. Jimoh, Author ; M. O. Shittu, Author ; B. O. Batatunde, Author . - 2020 . - 285-288 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 285-288 p.
Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, frozen storage, hybrid Heteroclarias, microbial load, and Oreochromis niloticus Abstract: Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid Heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus was studied.
Fifty samples, each of Heteroclarias, C. gariepinus and O. niloticus with an average weight of 210 + 15g were collected at
a commercial fish farm in the study area after which they were processed and frozen at -180
C and microbial analyses were
done at 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after frozen storage. Data obtained were logarithmically transformed (log cfu/g) and then
subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 16.0 version. No significant (p>0.05) difference was found for total viable count
(TVC), total fungal count (TFC), total coliform count (TCC) and Klebsiella spp. count of the fish species studied during the
frozen period. The potential of freezing as a good fish preservation method was established as it inhibited microbial activities
thereby elongating fish shelf life. It was concluded that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus fish species can be
kept safe up to 56 days by freezing as the microbial loads did not change significantly during the period. Uncontrolled
discharge of effluents into the surrounding water bodies should also be checked to avoid contamination prior to fish harvest.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effect%20of%20frozen%20storage%20on%20mic [...]
Title : Effects of sunlight on the abundance of Euglenophyceae in earthen ponds | R. B. Mandal, S. Rai, M. K. Shrestha, D. K. Jha, and N. P. Pandit Material Type: printed text Authors: R. B. Mandal, Author ; S. Rai, Author ; M. K. Shrestha, Author ; D. K. Jha, Author ; N. P. Pandit, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 289-294 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Red bloom, Euglena sanguinea, dynamics, light intensity, density Abstract: Algal red bloom in carp ponds has been a serious concern to farmers due its scum covering the entire pond surface area
during the day and disappearing in the evening. Thus it is important to examine the effects of sunlight on dynamics of red
bloom algae in ponds. An experiment was done with the use of three treatments, i) non-red bloom pond with sunlight, ii),
red bloom pond with sunlight, and iii) red bloom pond without sunlight; each treatment was replicated thrice. Density
of Euglenophyceae was assessed from two different water depths (10 cm and 50 cm) at three different times: morning,
afternoon, and evening. Results showed that Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg, 1832 was dominant among euglenophytes and
it showed vertical and temporal migration with sunlight intensity. Density of E. sanguinea was significantly higher (p at 10 cm and lower (p Euglenophyceae and E. sanguinea by 69% and 80%, respectively. Maximum red bloom was observed during 12.00 to 13.00
hours, when light intensity was highest (1928 Lux to 1988 Lux). Appearance and disappearance of red bloom in the pond
was due to vertical migration of E. sanguinea with sunlight intensity.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effects%20of%20sunlight%20on%20the%20abun [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 289-294 p.[article] Effects of sunlight on the abundance of Euglenophyceae in earthen ponds | R. B. Mandal, S. Rai, M. K. Shrestha, D. K. Jha, and N. P. Pandit [printed text] / R. B. Mandal, Author ; S. Rai, Author ; M. K. Shrestha, Author ; D. K. Jha, Author ; N. P. Pandit, Author . - 2020 . - 289-294 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 289-294 p.
Keywords: Red bloom, Euglena sanguinea, dynamics, light intensity, density Abstract: Algal red bloom in carp ponds has been a serious concern to farmers due its scum covering the entire pond surface area
during the day and disappearing in the evening. Thus it is important to examine the effects of sunlight on dynamics of red
bloom algae in ponds. An experiment was done with the use of three treatments, i) non-red bloom pond with sunlight, ii),
red bloom pond with sunlight, and iii) red bloom pond without sunlight; each treatment was replicated thrice. Density
of Euglenophyceae was assessed from two different water depths (10 cm and 50 cm) at three different times: morning,
afternoon, and evening. Results showed that Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg, 1832 was dominant among euglenophytes and
it showed vertical and temporal migration with sunlight intensity. Density of E. sanguinea was significantly higher (p at 10 cm and lower (p Euglenophyceae and E. sanguinea by 69% and 80%, respectively. Maximum red bloom was observed during 12.00 to 13.00
hours, when light intensity was highest (1928 Lux to 1988 Lux). Appearance and disappearance of red bloom in the pond
was due to vertical migration of E. sanguinea with sunlight intensity.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Effects%20of%20sunlight%20on%20the%20abun [...]
Title : Value chain analysis of cucumber in Arghakhanchi, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: R. Khanal, Author ; S. C. Dhakal, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 295-302 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Benefit-cost ratio, value chain map, marketing channel Abstract: This study was done to analyze the value chain of cucumber in Arghakhanchi district during 2018. Four major cucumber
producing areas, such as- Ghoche khola, Bhagwati, Baghi and Jagata were purposively selected. The value chain analysis
was done with the objective to calculate benefit cost ratio in cucumber enterprise, draw the value chain map, assess the factors
of production, and find out the major constraints in cucumber cultivation. A total of 64 cucumber growers and ten traders
were selected using simple random sampling technique. Majority of respondents (95%) had cultivated Bhaktapur Local
variety while only thirty percent of respondents cultivated hybrids. The benefit cost ratio was also higher in case of Bhaktapur
Local (3.18) followed by hybrids (2.44). The most dominating marketing channel involved flow of products from farmers
to retailers and then to consumers. The highest farm gate price was seen in farmers to producers’ channel. The regression
estimate showed that the input variables such as- organic manure, fertilizers, materials, labor, plant protection materials
had significant effects on production of cucumber. The findings showed that the major problems associated with cucumber
production was diseases and insects pests attack while the major problem related to cucumber marketing was middlementaking higher margin. The findings also pointed out the absence of wholesalers in the value chain which somehow affected
to the less production of cucumber and minimized the export opportunity.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Value%20chain%20analysis%20of%20cucumber% [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 295-302 p.[article] Value chain analysis of cucumber in Arghakhanchi, Nepal [printed text] / R. Khanal, Author ; S. C. Dhakal, Author . - 2020 . - 295-302 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 295-302 p.
Keywords: Benefit-cost ratio, value chain map, marketing channel Abstract: This study was done to analyze the value chain of cucumber in Arghakhanchi district during 2018. Four major cucumber
producing areas, such as- Ghoche khola, Bhagwati, Baghi and Jagata were purposively selected. The value chain analysis
was done with the objective to calculate benefit cost ratio in cucumber enterprise, draw the value chain map, assess the factors
of production, and find out the major constraints in cucumber cultivation. A total of 64 cucumber growers and ten traders
were selected using simple random sampling technique. Majority of respondents (95%) had cultivated Bhaktapur Local
variety while only thirty percent of respondents cultivated hybrids. The benefit cost ratio was also higher in case of Bhaktapur
Local (3.18) followed by hybrids (2.44). The most dominating marketing channel involved flow of products from farmers
to retailers and then to consumers. The highest farm gate price was seen in farmers to producers’ channel. The regression
estimate showed that the input variables such as- organic manure, fertilizers, materials, labor, plant protection materials
had significant effects on production of cucumber. The findings showed that the major problems associated with cucumber
production was diseases and insects pests attack while the major problem related to cucumber marketing was middlementaking higher margin. The findings also pointed out the absence of wholesalers in the value chain which somehow affected
to the less production of cucumber and minimized the export opportunity.Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Value%20chain%20analysis%20of%20cucumber% [...]
Title : Evaluation of efficacy of chemical, botanicals and beejamrut in growth promotion and management of damping off disease in cauliflower at Udayapur, Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: S. G.C., Author ; L. Khatri, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 303-306 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Soil borne pathogens, vegetables, Percentage Disease Incidence Abstract: Vegetable contributes 20.74% of the total Agricultural Gross Domestic Products (AGDP) of the country. Among the vegetables
produced, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) is one of the important vegetable crops in Nepal. Soil borne
pathogens (soil inhabitants and soil transients) are one of the major factors contributing to lower yield in vegetables either
through damage of whole crop, or by making them unmarketable. Damping off caused by Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia,
Phytophthora is one of the major disease of vegetables crops. This disease attacks a crop in its two stages i.e. pre-emergence
of seeds and in seedling stage. This study was conducted in a sick plot at Ghumne 5 of Belaka Municipality, Udayapur, Nepal
with six treatments, each replicated four times. The pathogen causing damping off was identified as Rhizoctonia sp. Among
the treatments Beejamrut was found to be superior to other treatments in terms of root length (5.97±0.62cm) and shoot length
(13.25±1.16cm). In case of root weight and shoot weight Beejamrut (0.28±0.03g;1.85±0.50g), respectively, gave the similar
results to Thiram (0.27±0.01g;1.89±0.4g), respectively. Lowest Percentage Disease Incidence (PDI) was found in Thiram
(18.0±1) and Beejamrut (19.0±1) treated plotsLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Evaluation%20of%20efficacy%20of%20chemica [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 303-306 p.[article] Evaluation of efficacy of chemical, botanicals and beejamrut in growth promotion and management of damping off disease in cauliflower at Udayapur, Nepal [printed text] / S. G.C., Author ; L. Khatri, Author . - 2020 . - 303-306 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 303-306 p.
Keywords: Soil borne pathogens, vegetables, Percentage Disease Incidence Abstract: Vegetable contributes 20.74% of the total Agricultural Gross Domestic Products (AGDP) of the country. Among the vegetables
produced, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) is one of the important vegetable crops in Nepal. Soil borne
pathogens (soil inhabitants and soil transients) are one of the major factors contributing to lower yield in vegetables either
through damage of whole crop, or by making them unmarketable. Damping off caused by Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia,
Phytophthora is one of the major disease of vegetables crops. This disease attacks a crop in its two stages i.e. pre-emergence
of seeds and in seedling stage. This study was conducted in a sick plot at Ghumne 5 of Belaka Municipality, Udayapur, Nepal
with six treatments, each replicated four times. The pathogen causing damping off was identified as Rhizoctonia sp. Among
the treatments Beejamrut was found to be superior to other treatments in terms of root length (5.97±0.62cm) and shoot length
(13.25±1.16cm). In case of root weight and shoot weight Beejamrut (0.28±0.03g;1.85±0.50g), respectively, gave the similar
results to Thiram (0.27±0.01g;1.89±0.4g), respectively. Lowest Percentage Disease Incidence (PDI) was found in Thiram
(18.0±1) and Beejamrut (19.0±1) treated plotsLink for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Evaluation%20of%20efficacy%20of%20chemica [...]
Title : Good laboratory practices (GLP): Key in success for the disease diagnostic field Material Type: printed text Authors: H. Luitel, Author Publication Date: 2020 Article on page: 307-311 Languages : English (eng) Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Good%20laboratory%20practices%20%28GLP%29 [...]
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 307-311[article] Good laboratory practices (GLP): Key in success for the disease diagnostic field [printed text] / H. Luitel, Author . - 2020 . - 307-311.
Languages : English (eng)
in Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University > Volume 4 (2020) . - 307-311
Link for e-copy: https://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Good%20laboratory%20practices%20%28GLP%29 [...]
